L2 - structure of the nervous system

Question 1

3 different scales to view the brain

Answer 1

macroscopic
mesoscopic
microscopic

Question 2

how many neurons in the brain

Answer 2

86 billion

Question 3

macroscopic scale

Answer 3

looks at flow of connections
uses tractography
looks at general structures

Question 4

mesoscopic scale

Answer 4

looks at divisions of functional compartments and their functions

Question 5

microscopic

Answer 5

looks at functions of single cells

anatomy and characteristics of neurons

Question 6

where is visual cortex

Answer 6

back of brain in occipital lobe

Question 7

Raman Y Cahal

Answer 7

neuroanatomist
used golgi stain
detailed brain morphology
e.g. purkinje cell

Question 8

synaptic strength/plasticity underlies…

Answer 8

• processing of sensory information
• motor circuits
• memory formation

Question 9

defects/loss of synapses leads to…

Answer 9

dementia, paralysis etc

Question 10

astrocytes

Answer 10

wrap around synapses

mop up excess neurotransmitter

Question 11

what is self-avoidance, exlpain process

Answer 11

• neuron projections never synapse back on themselves

- they recognise their own projections

Question 12

what does glia mean

Answer 12

glue

Question 13

function of glial cells

Answer 13

regulation of synapses
trophic support
protection of neurons
maintain homeostasis
form myelin

Question 14

two examples of gliotransmitters

Answer 14

ATP

D-serine

Question 15

4 types of gilal cell

Answer 15

oligodendrocyte
microglia
astrocyte
ependymal cell

Question 16

oligodendrocyte

Answer 16

MYELIN SHEATH

wrap myelin sheath around neurons - support and insulation

Question 17

microglia

Answer 17

BRAIN IMMUNE CELLS

modulate activity - synaptic pruning
phagocytose cell debris

Question 18

synaptic pruning

Answer 18

elimination of synapses in development

Question 19

astrocytes

Answer 19

ENERGY BALANCE

provide nutrition for neurons
star-shaped
most abundant
maintain BBB
absorb and recycle neurotransmitters

Question 20

EPENDYMAL CELLS

Answer 20

CSF

line CSF-filled ventricles
similar to ciliated epithelial cells
assist in circulation, producing and monitoring CSF

Question 21

human cerebral cortex map

Answer 21

1909 Brodmann

Question 22

importance of 1909 Brodmann cerebral cortex map

Answer 22

widely used
Brodmann = pioneer
shows grouping of neurons ‘structural and functional’relationships

Question 23

cyto-archi-tech-tonics

Answer 23

study of cellular composition

stains reveal location of neurons

Question 24

components of tripartite synapse

Answer 24

1 - pre-synaptic terminal nerve
2- post-synaptic spine
3 - glial cell

Question 25

3 features looked at and combined in modern brain mapping

Answer 25

function architecture connectivity

Question 26

technique - modern mapping of brain function

Answer 26

task-based MRI

Question 27

technique used in modern mapping of brain architecture

Answer 27

myelin mapping

Question 28

technique used in modern mapping of brain connectivity

Answer 28

resting state fMRI

Question 29

fMRI

Answer 29

Functional magnetic resonance imaging