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Emotion (exam 1) > L2. theories of emotion > Flashcards

L2. theories of emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Emotion [define, according to Keltner & Gross, 1999]

A

“episodic, relatively short-term, biologically-based patterns of perception, experience, physiology, action, and communication that occur in response to specific physical and social challenges and opportunities”

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2
Q

according to Schachter & Singer’s (1962) 2-factor theory of emotion, which 2 things combine to cause emotion?

A
  1. automatic arousal

2. label - describes exp. of current situation

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3
Q

Which theory of emotion is this: stimulus -> arousal -> label -> emotion?

A

Schachter and Singers 2-factor theory of emotion

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4
Q

On which elements do emotional theories differ? [list]

A
  • Antecedents/causes of emotion
  • Biological givens (innate emotional capacities)
  • Components
  • Integration of emotional experience ( how components of emotion fit together)
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5
Q

List the components of emotion

A
  • subjective experience (feeling)
  • appraisal (way in which we evaluate info around us, incl about ourself/state)
  • physio changes
  • nonverbal expression
  • other behaviour (actions that try to help/ are practical in the given situation, function of communication)
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6
Q

What does integration mean, in terms of emotional theories?

A
  • extent to which components cohere/occur

- how components fit together

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7
Q

Name the 3 major families of emotional theories

A
  1. evolutionary
  2. constructionism
  3. appraisal
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8
Q

Evolutionary theory: causes of emotion = ?

A

adaptive challenges and opportunities

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9
Q

Adaptive problems

A

challenges to survival and opportunities for reproduction

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10
Q

signal / biologically-prepared stimuli examples

A
  • signs of danger

- new mate

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11
Q

Action tendencies

A

enable individual to perform specific behaviours to address challenges/opportunities

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12
Q

Are adaptive problems concerned with survival of the individual (short-term) or survival of the gene?

A

survival of the gene

- evolutionary concern

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13
Q

Evolutionary theory: biological givens = ?

A

basic emotions

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14
Q

Basic emotions [define]

A

innate neural and bodily states, elicited rapidly and automatically (unintentionally) by signal stimuli

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15
Q

6 basic emotions [list]

A

anger, disgust, fear, joy, happiness, joy, sadness, surprise

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16
Q

What is thought to be evidence of the existence of the 6 basic emotions?

A

The universality of facial expression and differentiation of patterning in ANS

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17
Q

3 figures important in the ‘basic emotions’ debate [list]

A
  • Eckman
  • Izard
  • Tomkins
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18
Q

Testable criteria for classification as a basic emotion [list]

A
  • Universal expressions, beyond facial expressions
  • Discrete physiology (specific signature)
  • Presence in other primates
  • Automatic (and predictable) appraisals/evaluations of the enviro
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19
Q

which theory of emotion is this: stimulus -> affect program -> emotion ?

A

evolutionary

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20
Q

Evolutionary theory: integration of experience is enabled by __ ?

A

Affect programs

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21
Q

Affect Program [define, according to Tomkins]

A
  • innate brain systems, guide body during particular event (eg. adaptive tasks)
  • module, not necessarily localised, processing state of brain, if certain input received
  • AP outputs representations from evo/learned, triggers cascade of changes
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22
Q

Evolutionary: high or low integration between components?

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A

high integration

23
Q

Evolutionary: how are affect programs able to change?

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A
  • with individual knowledge and/or experience

- can learn new stimuli that trigger prepared system, eg classical conditioning

24
Q

Evolutionary: emphasised emotional components [list]

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A
  • facial expression
  • behaviour
  • physiology
  • changes to cognition
25
Evolutionary: bear example [describe]
- see threat, processes quickly - automatically triggers affect programme - phys and percep state changes - subj exp changes (but less central)
26
Evolutionary: biologically-prepared stimuli [give examples]
- predators - snake, bear - mates - dangerous areas - cliffs, water
27
Evolutionary: response to biologically-prepared stimuli [describe]
- Biologically prepared signal stimuli reliably elicit affect programs designed to respond adaptively
28
Which theory of emotion is this: stimulus -> appraisal -> emotion
appraisal
29
Appriasal [define]
mental process that allows an individual to detect objects/events in their enviro and evaluate the significance for their immediate well-being
30
Appraisal dimensions [list]
- goal relevance - does it matter to me?, if unlikely, less emo about it - valence - is it good/bad for me? - novelty - HOW novel is it? (not is it novel/not) - coping potential - can I deal with it? - agency - who caused it? - fault, important for determining emo outcome.
31
Appraisal theory: causes of emotion = ?
specific appraisal patterns | - Relationship between particular appraisal pattern (cause) and resulting specific emotion
32
Appraisal theory: biological givens = ? [2]
novelty and valence
33
Appraisal: what is evidence for novelty and valence appraisals being biological givens?
-present in new-borns and other animals
34
Valence appraisal [define]
approach or avoid
35
Novelty appraisal [define]
detection of new/changed elements
36
Are all appraisal dimensions biological givens?
no, only valence and novelty
37
Distinguish between primary and secondary appraisals, as theorised by Scherere (2001) [describe/define]
- Primary appraisals: adaptive, fast, clear | - Secondary appraisals: high-order mental processes, learned, deliberate
38
Appraisal theory: high or low integration between components?
- low, less strong | - varies with each theory of appraisal!
39
Appraisal: bear example [describe]
- many people would appraise situation in a similar way - not aligned with goal of staying alive - but people can have v diff appraisals in same sitch,, and then diff rxn’s
40
Which theory of emotion is this: stimulus -> core affect -> categorisation -> emotion?
psychological constructionism
41
Which 2 theories in psychological constructionism based on?
- William James' theory | - Schlachter and Singer's 2-factor theory
42
Which theory of emotion is this: stimulus -> action -> introspect/insight -> emotion ?
Willam James' theory of emotion
43
How does psychological constructionism differ from the 2-factor theory of emotion? [describe]
Psych constructionism specifies how individuals knowledge of emotion categories shapes core affect into specific emotional experiences.
44
Constructionism: causes of emotion = ?
categorisation (of affect responses)
45
Constructionism: which 2 scales underlie all emotions?
- Valence: degree to which state is pleasant/unpleasant | - Activation: degree to which state is activated,
46
Constructionism: are emotions elicited through signal stimuli or associative learning?
associative learning
47
Constructionism: biological given = ?
Core affect
48
Constructionism: core affect [define]
- innate component of emotion | - 2 dimensions of consc exp: valence, activation
49
Constructionism: what is evidence for core affect being a biological given?
- self-reported feelings | - Affect Circumplex of Emotion (Russell & Barrett, 1990)
50
Constructionism: Affect Circumplex of Emotion (Russell & Barrett, 1990) [describe]
- visually shows how people perceive similarities/differences in emotional experiences - arousal/activation vs. pleasure/valence (range from pos/neg) - emotions fall into quadrants
51
Constructionism: high or low integration between components?
low - components are independent and vary across experience - components of emotion do Not necessarily happen inevitably and together - occurrence depends on category used to construct emotion within particular emotion
52
Constructionism: bear example [describe]
- no prepared reaction … low level processing aka it just depends? - individual differences in reactions: fight or flight, - some may not react immediately - emphasis diff between peoples reactions, even in prototypically emotionally-responsive stimuli/situation - depends on how we construct our own emotions
53
In which theory is subjective experience seen as a central emotional component?
Constructionism

Emotion (exam 1) (3 decks)

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