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MMCCQQ22 > L22 Animal Metabolism > Flashcards

L22 Animal Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

what does metabolism concern?

A

the management of energy

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3
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

organisms that must get energy from food cannot synthesise own fuel

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4
Q

what is the summary of cellular respiration?

A

the burning of carbohydrates in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP and carbon dixoide

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5
Q

Give the chemical equation of cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 +H2O + ATP + HEAT

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6
Q

Summarise Cellular Respiration

A

1) Food is consumed and digested
2) Glycolysis - glucose is broken down to pyruvate (2 ATP produced)
3) Kreb’s Cycle - pyruvate enters mitochondria and aerobically produces 2 more ATP
4) Oxidative Phosphorylation - NADH and FADH2 enter ETC and 34 ATP are produced aerobically

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7
Q

How many ATP produced during Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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8
Q

How many ATP produced during Kreb’s Cycle?

A

2 ATP

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9
Q

How many ATP produced during OxPhos?

A

34 ATP

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10
Q

What process is anaerobic in Cellular Respiration? (Consumption/Glycolysis/Kreb’s/OxPhos)

A

Glycolysis

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11
Q

What processes are aerobic in Cellular Respiration? (Consumption/Glycolysis/Kreb’s/OxPhos)

A

Kreb’s and OxPhos

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12
Q

Why do we have lungs?

A

because the process of cellular respiration is mostly aerobic

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13
Q

what allows rapid bursts of movement consuming lots of energy?

A

anaerobic processes - too sudden to use oxygen example glycolysis

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14
Q

what are examples of factors that influence metabolic rate?

A

body size, temperature and activity

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15
Q

what is the relationship between big animals and their metabolic rate?

A

linear relationship - as body mass increases, metabolic rate increases

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16
Q

what is the relationship between metabolic rate and ‘per unit mass’?

A

it is a non-linear relationship

17
Q

what is interesting about metabolism in bigger animals?

A

bigger animals require less energy per kg

18
Q

what is the general function for body mass vs metabolic rate relationship?

A

mass^0.7

19
Q

what is the general function of metabolic rate vs per unit of body mass relationship?

A

0.7(mass)

20
Q

what is the general slope of the invariable relationship between body mass and metabolism?

A

0.7

21
Q

what hypothesis best explains the metabolism and per unit body mass relationship?

A

as volume of an object increases
ratio of volume to surface area changes
surface area decreases - harder to get oxygen into body
therefore metabolism decreases

22
Q

how can we track the rate of cellular respiration?

A

by monitoring the changing concentrations of reactants and products example tracking oxygen decrease

23
Q

what is used to track the depletion of oxygen?

A

respirometer/ oxygen electrode probe

24
Q

what type of relationship is seen between metabolic rate and temperature?

A

an exponential power curve - as temperature increases metabolism increases,
rapid increase in metabolism after 25 degrees celsius

25
Q

what happens metabolic rate every 10 degree temperature increase

A

it roughly doubles/ trebles

26
Q

what is the minimum cost of transport speed?

A

it is the intermediate speed which is least energy costly

27
Q

what is the minimum cost of transport speed for humans?

A

75 meters per minute

28
Q

what is the highest cost of transport speed for humans?

A

walking 25 meters/min followed by walking 150 meters/min

29
Q

what speed do animals spend most of their time travelling at?

A

75 meters per minute

30
Q

what is torpor?

A

physical and mental inactivity in attempt to conserve energy and lower metabolism - hibernation

31
Q

what lowers the metabolic rate during hibernation?

A

decrease in temperature and activity levels

32
Q

how do lizards regulate their level of metabolism?

A

fast metabolism - heat up in sun

slow metabolism - go into shade and cool down

33
Q

how do sharks regulate their metabolism?

A

based on temperatures of different latitudes in the sea, they move around

34
Q

what is a sharks desired metabolic rate?

A

22 degrees celsius

35
Q

what does a hammerhead shark do to conserve energy/ lower metabolism?

A

uses dorsal fin as a wing - saves 10% of energy

36
Q

how do mammals last so long under water without consuming more oxygen?

A

they have higher concentrations of blood in their body - can store and transport more oxygen

37
Q

how do mammals not need more oxygen for metabolism to occur?

A

myoglobin stores more oxygen, they reduce swimming activity and heart rate - decrease rate of metabolism

38
Q

what allows whales to dive really deep?

A

spermaceti - solidifying yellow wax in head sinks them to bottom

39
Q

how do whales last so long without oxygen?

A

dramatically lower their heart rate by 80% slowing metabolism and the need for oxygen

MMCCQQ22 (14 decks)

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