L22 - exocrine glands

Question 1

which exocrine glands are made of simple acinar cells?

Answer 1

paraurethral glands

Question 2

which exocrine glands are made of simple branched acinar cells?

Answer 2

sebaceous glands

Question 3

which exocrine glands are made of simple tubular cells?

Answer 3

intestinal glands

Question 4

which exocrine glands are made of simple coiled tubular cells?

Answer 4

sweat glands

Question 5

which exocrine glands are made of simple branched tubular cells?

Answer 5

glands of the stomach and duodenal glands

Question 6

which exocrine glands are made of compound acinar cells?

Answer 6

pancreas and parotid glands

Question 7

which exocrine glands are made of compound tubular cells?

Answer 7

bulbourethral glands

Question 8

which exocrine glands are made of compound tubuloacinar cells?

Answer 8

submandibular and sublingual glands

Question 9

young female patient presents with painful lump in external genitalia.
name the dx, tx plan

Answer 9

bartholin cyst
obstructed duct leads to cyst-like collection proximal to duct obstruction
abx and I&D

Question 10

Sjogren syndrome

Answer 10

autoimmune, women, 50-60yo
sx included dry eyes and mouth + enlarged parotid
salivary and lacrimal glands infiltrated with T cells, leading to fibrotic glands, a hyperplastic duct system and thus impaired secretions
treatment: ab to ribonucleoproteins SS-a (Ro) and SS-b (La)

Question 11

how can you distinguish between parotid and pancreas?

Answer 11

parotid is purely serous, +striated cells, NO centroacinar cells
pancreas is +centroacinar cells, NO striated cells
both have acinar cells

Question 12

describe pancreatic gland cells and ducts

Answer 12

compound acinar ducts with intercalated lobule, no striated lobules
contains centoracinar cells making up islet of Langerhans
intralobular

Question 13

describe sublingual gland cells and ducts

Answer 13

compound tubuloacinar duct
mixed (mucous and serous - mostly mucous with serous demilunes)
intralobular (less developed)

Question 14

what’s the difference between conventional and rapid freezing

Answer 14

rapid freezing shows serous cells found between mucous cells (normal)
conventional fixation shows serous cells pushed to the periphery (cap) with cytoplasmic extensions remaining between the mucus cells

Question 15

describe parotid gland cells and ducts

Answer 15

compound acinar acidophilic
purely serous
intralobular (intercalated and striated)
accumulates adipocyes with age

Question 16

describe submandibular gland cells and ducts

Answer 16

compound tubuloaciar
mixed (mucous and serous but primarily serous)
intralobular (short intercalacted, prominent striated)
clear mucus cells with acidophilic serous cell “cap” - serous demilune - artifact of conventional fixation
rapid or conventional fixation

Question 17

what are exocrine and endocrine glands derived from?

Answer 17

epithelia

Question 18

what do prostatic adenocarcinomas look like histologically?

Answer 18

benign cells stain lightly

malignant cells stain dark and are smaller

Question 19

what is the difference in hormone release between exocrine and endocrine?

Answer 19

endocrine glands make and release hormones, transported by ECF (paracrine or autocrine) or by blood
exocrine glands have epithelial-lined ducts where secretions can be modified and transmitted through

Question 20

what are the three ways exocrine glands are classified?

Answer 20

type of secretion, mode of secretion and cell number

Question 21

describe the four different exocrine gland classifications by secretion.

Answer 21

1. mucous - secrete mucinogens which become mucin when hydrated
2. serous - watery secretions with enzymes
3. mixed - serous and mucous, ex: submandibular and sublingual
4. sebaceous - waxy oily sebum

Question 22

describe the histological qualities of mucinogen

Answer 22

large PAS+ glycosylated proteins

Question 23

describe histological qualities of sebaceous cells

Answer 23

clear cytoplasm, rounded centrally located nuclei

Question 24

describe acne vulgaris histologically and explain the progression of the condition.

Answer 24

hair shaft penetrates the follicle leading to inflammatory and fibrotic response

1. inflammatory cells that are small basophilic specs
2. giant cells
3. fibroblasts
4. collagen made in inflammatory state = acidophilic areas

Question 25

how do mucous and serous cells stain on a mixed gland slide?

Answer 25

mucous stains lighter with a clear cytoplasm, columnar cells with basally located, flattened nucleus serous stains dark, intensely acidophilic cytoplasm, round nucleus

Question 26

goblet cells, what are they and how do they look on a slide?

Answer 26

unicellular gland associated with brush border rounded PAS+ cells (apical glycoprotein storage) basal "tail" (synthesized machinery) that focally contacts basal lamina

Question 27

describe the three classifications of exocrine glands by mode of secretion.

Answer 27

1. merocrine - no loss of plasma membrane or cytoplasm 2. apocrine - loss of the apical part of the cell membrane/cytoplasm with secretion 3. holocrine - loss of the entire cell with secretion, requires mitosis to replace

Question 28

describe the 6 classifications composing multicellular exocrine glands

Answer 28

sheets - tightly packed cells, ex: mucus sheets in stomach for protection simple - secretion released into a single, unbranched excretory duct to the epithelial surface compound - secretion is released into branched ducts which converge into a single duct to the surface acinar/alveolar - secretory cells are arranged in cluster around common lumen tubular - secretory cells are arranged in a tube, may be arranged in coiled tube duct - area of non-secretory cells through which secretions travel

Question 29

intralobular duct, and describe the 2 types seen on a slide

Answer 29

found in lobule of exocrine gland, intercalated - flattened cuboidal cells, smaller, more central nuclei that take up most of cell striated - cuboidal-columnar, apical nuclei, acidophilic striated basal mitochrondria (might not see striations)

Question 30

interlobular duct

Answer 30

in CT septa between lobules | these receive interlobular ducts and drain the duct lobes

Question 31

myoepithelial cells (basket cells)

Answer 31

contractile - have actin/myosin derived from epithelium - cytokeratin surround secretory units of multicellular glands and small ducts, share their BL, connect to epithelial cells by desmosomes and gap junctions when they contract, gland secretes