L24 - peripheral blood Flashcards
(30 cards)
functions of blood?
transport, hemostasis, immunity, regulation of temp/pH/osmolality
pH of arterial blood vs. venous blood?
7.4 arterial, 7.35 venous
describe blood after centrifugation
3 layers
heaviest = RBCs
middle buffy coat = WBCs/platelets
lightest = plasma (has many fibrinogen)
what is blood serum?
plasma minus fibrinogen
hematocrit percentages?
female - 40%
male - 45%
newborn - 55% then 35% until puberty
describe plasma color changes
yellow - bilirubin, fasting
white - chylomicrons, fatty diet
describe blood plasma and its components
90% water
- albumin from liver
- clotting proteins - prothrombin, fibrinogen, accelerator globulin (factor VII)
- complement proteins from liver for immunity/inflammation
- lipoproteins
- alpha and beta globulins from liver
plasma also has hormones, other signaling molecules, electrolytes, dissolved gases
function of albumin
regulates colloid osmotic pressure low albumin (liver failure) = edema
name three alpha and three beta globulins
alpha = ceruloplasmin, AAT, protein C beta = transferrin, angiostatins, plasminogen
describe erythrocyte #s inclusions diameter shape transmembrane proteins
- 7.5 micrometers diameter
- biconcave disc for higher SA to V for gas exchange
- hemoglobin, endogenous pigment
- males have 5M vs. female 4M per mm3
- glycophorins and band 3
- Howell-Jolly bodies ad Heinz bodies
- immature - reticulocyte
describe polcythemia and anemia
polycythemia - elevated erthrocytes
anemia - low packed volume of erythrocytes or reduced hemoglobin concentration
describe 2 major transmembrane protein complexes of erythrocytes
1) glycophorins (A, B, C)
- GP+ band 4.1 protein complexes with actin and spectrin (int. filament)
2) Band 3 - HCO3/Cl antiporter
- binds with band 4.2 complex, ankyrin and spectrin
- increases amt of CO2 in blood to lungs:
what facilitates spectrin-actin association?
adducin, a calmodulin-binding protein
heredity spherocytosis
mutations in ankyrin, band 3, spectrin or band 4.2 leading to disruption of tethering interactions
spherical shaped erythrocytes are then destroyed by the spleen –> anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly
hereditary elliptocytosis
mutation involving glycoprotein complex, including spectrin, protein 4.1 or glycophorin C
leads elliptical RBC
erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh- mother builds antibodies against the Rh+ baby after first childbirth; antibodies attack subsequent pregnancies
RhoGAM contains antibodies against Rh antigen to eliminate Rh+ RBCs from fetus before mother develops antibodies
name other RBC antigens
Kelly (kills) - 3rd most immunogenic after AB and Rh
Duffy (dies) - receptors for malaria parasites (plasmodium vivax and knowlesi)
- rare in African Am. so resistant to malarial infection
Lewis (lives)
Howell-Jolly bodies
- small basophilic nuclear fragments in RBC cytoplasm
- pitted out by spleen macrophages
- prevalent with hemolytic anemia, spleen disorders, post-splenectomy
Heinz bodies and G6PD deficiency
- damaged Hg inclusions due to oxidative damage from G6PD deficiency
- spleen macrophages remove Heinz bodies, forming bite cells
Reticulocytes
- immediate precursor to erythrocyte
- basophilic specs in cytoplasm = clusters of ribosomes
- still some Hg synth
- increased #s indicate demand for oxygen not being fully met (making new RBCs)
- perhaps increased altitude, hemorrhage, etc.
tell me about leukocytes
#s
name granulocytes vs. agran.
all have what granules?
- 5k to 10k/mm3
- granulocytes B/E/N - contain additional secondary granules
- agranulocytes L/M - contain only primary granules
- ALL have azurophilic primary granules (lysosomes)
tell me about neutrophils
- nuclei
- size
- job
- granules
- disease state
- lobated nuclei (3-6, +more-age)
- double RBC size
- highest # leuks
- high count indicates bacterial infection
- job professional phagocytic
- immature = band cell
- have primary (azurophilic) granules - lysosomes
- have secondary (specific) granules that are light pink and antimicrobial enzymes
- have tertiary granules (gelatinase/cathepsin/GP)
- have Dohle bodies
what’s a shift to the left?
increase in band cells aka neutrophil precursors, indicating acute bacterial infection
Dohle body
- basophilic
- dilated rER
- infections, bacterial sepsis
- left shift
