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Anatomy Block 3 > L24 Mediastinum 1 > Flashcards

L24 Mediastinum 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

space in the thorax that contains all the non-lung thoracic viscera

Space between the pleural cavities

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2
Q

the mediastinum is not only a location for_____, but also the important ____ through the thorax to other regions of the body

A

thoracic organs

conduit

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3
Q

Mediastinal structures are ___ and surrounded by
_____

A

highly mobile

loose connective tissues

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4
Q

label the borders of the mediastinum: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, lateral

A
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5
Q

superior mediastinum wall

A

superior thoracic aperture

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6
Q

inferior

A

finish slide 4

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7
Q

what regions are in the mediastinum

A

superior
inferior

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8
Q

superior mediastinum

A

transverse thoracic plane T4/T5

structures communicating with neck, thymus

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9
Q

inferior mediastinum (3 plus roles)

A

anterior: very few structures of note

middle: heart and pericardial cavity

posterior: structures communicating with the abdomen

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10
Q

thymus

A

superior mediastinum

lymph organ positioned anteriorly in the superior mediastinum

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11
Q

the thymus is well developed and extensive in ___. location in youth?

A

youth

extends from superior mediastinum into anterior mediastinum

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12
Q

thymus in adults

A

degenerates into fatty mass and recedes

finish slide 6

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13
Q

___ system transports fluids around the body and is composed of the ____ and ___ systems, which do:

A
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14
Q

heart

A

muscular pump driving the flow of blood

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15
Q

blood vessels have three types

A

artery

vein

capillary

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16
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

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17
Q

veins

A

carry blood to the heart and often run adjacent to arteries of the same area

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18
Q

capillaries

A

sites of nutrient/waste exchange

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19
Q

arteries have to move blood under ___ pressure, and therefore have

A

high

thicker, muscular walls

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20
Q

arterial vessels ___ in size further from the heart

A

decrease

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21
Q

elastic artery

A

largest arteries expand when
blood is pushed and recoil to aid in blood pumping

closest to heart

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22
Q

muscular artery

A

primary transport arteries to
organs or locations

arms
intercostal

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23
Q

arteriole

A

change diameter to control flow

inner region transport from artery to capillary

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24
Q

veins transport blood under ___ pressure and have __

A

lower

thinner walls, valves to combat gravity (prevent backflow) and musculovenous pump

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25
vein vessels ___ in size closer to heart
increase
26
venule
vein collection of blood from capillary bed, extravasation of leukocytes
27
medium veins
organ and regional veins maintain flow towards proximally
28
large vein
major vessels collecting all the smaller tributaries and return blood to the heart
29
____ pressure ___ blood requires extra assistance in returning against the flow of gravity.
low venous
30
many distal veins in the extremities are located adjacent to_____. _____ of the muscles (in conjunction with the valves) helps drive blood ____
large muscle bellies Contraction back up toward the heart.
31
Distal veins tend to have ___ that allow only ___ flow
valves unidirectional
32
Failure of valves results in
varicose veins – veins distended with pooled blood
33
great vessels
the largest veins, elastic arteries associated with the heart itself occur at T4/T5
34
superior vena cava
head and neck down to heart right side of heart (drains in right atrium) brachiocephalic veins (L and R)
35
inferior vena cava
abdomen to the heart not in superior mediastinum
36
ascending aorta
aorta that goes up
37
pulmonary trunk
branches into L and R pulmonary arteries carries oxygen-poor blood to lungs, but is an artery includes ligamentum arteriuosum
38
ligamentum arteriosum
rememnant of fetal circulation shunt and plays important role for nerves
39
pulmonary veins
oxygen rich blood from pulmonary system to left side of heart
40
arch of the aorta
posterolateral curvature from ascending to descending aorta
41
vessels that come off of arch of aorta
brachiocephalic trunk (goes to UE and head, fused of the next two on the right side which makes it equal on both sides)) left common carotid artery left subclavian artery
42
thoracic/descending aorta
T4/T5 to T12 runs down left side of vertebral bodies
43
thoracic/descending aorta at T12
finsih
44
azygos system veins
variable and asymmetric system of valveless veins that drain the back, thoracoabdominal walls, mediastinum
45
azygos veins are on the ___ side of vertebral bodies and drains to
right SVC via arch of azygos
46
hemiazygos vein is on the ____ side of vertebral bodies and drains
inferior left into azygos vein at T9
47
accessory hemiazygos
finish slide 15
48
every blood vessel is lined by a
simple squamous epithelium
49
if a space in the body has blood in it, it needs to be surrounded by ___
endothelium
50
51
finish slide 17
52
blood vessel has 3 layers
tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia
53
tunica intima
innermost endothelium subendothelial layer of loose CT internal elastic lamina
54
tunica media
middle layer of blood vessel smooth muscle external elastic lamina
55
tunica adventitia (externa)
outer layer of blood vessel dense irregular CT autonomic nerves vasa vasorum (vessel in vessel)
56
label/draw artery and vein layers
57
histo of tunica intima
endothelium lines vessel lumen, subendothelial connective tissue supports endothelium and internal elastic lamina results in wavy appearance
58
histo of tunica media
in arteries the smooth muscle layer tends to dominate, external elastic lamina also presents wavy appearance
59
histo of tunica adventitia
connective tissue layer is dense, think and irregular
60
draw histo slide of three vessel layers
61
elastic arteries histo
largest arteries closest to the heart tunica media is much thicker than the tunica adventitia FIISH SLIDE 20
62
elastic arteries
63
__ and ___ overlap with initial symptoms
aortic dissection and myocardial infarction
64
aortic dissection facts
5-10 cases per 100,000 people annually and increasing common in men than women and more common in older individuals
65
what happens in aortic dissection
Tears in the tunica intima permit high pressure aortic blood to push into the potential space between intima and media layers Can occur anywhere along the entire length from ascending aorta to abdominal aorta
66
what happens in aortic aneurysm
Different from aortic aneurysm where the entire wall fails and stretches (or ruptures)
67
muscular arteries histo
FINISH SLIDE 22
68
69
arterioles
FINISH SLIDE 22
70
arterioles
71
arterioles
72
arterioles
73
three types of capillaries
continuous (type 1) capillaries fenestrated (type 2) capillaries discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries
74
continuous/type 1 capillaries
Lumen is 5 – 10 μm wide Very common (e.g., lung, heart, skin, muscle) Uninterrupted endothelium & basal lamina Exchange is highly regulated
75
76
fenestrated/type 2 capillaries
Lumen is 15 – 20 μm wide Restricted to endocrine glands and absorptive organs (e.g., GI tract, gallbladder, and kidney) Fenestrations (50 nm pores) in endothelial cells allow passage of small molecules & proteins
77
78
finish slide 24
79
slide 25
80
esophagus
Gastrointestinal conduit between the pharynx (neck) and stomach (abdomen) Flattened muscular tube Between trachea and vertebral bodies (superior to T4/T5) Between pericardial cavity and vertebrae (inferior to T4/T5)
81
82
there are places where the esophagus is ____ by adjacent structures representing potential points where __
compressed swallowed material can get trapped
83
esophageal constrictions
Neck – cricoid cartilage Thorax – structures of the transverse thoracic plane Abdominal diaphragm – esophagus passes through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm at T10
84
nerves of the mediastinum
phrenic vagus sympathetic chain
85
phrenic nerve
superior and middle mediastinum anterior to the root of the lung
86
vagus nerve
superior and posterior mediastinum posterior to the root of the lung
87
sympathetic chain
superior and posterior mediastinum along lateral side of the vertebral bodies
88
abdominoplevic splanchnic nerves
sympathetic innervation to abdominopelvic viscera arising from thoracic paravertebral ganglia greater T5-9 lesser T10-11 least T12
89
SLIDES 30-32

Anatomy Block 3 (7 decks)

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