L28-Cytosolic Respiration: Glycolysis.

Question 1

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

Answer 1

Cytoplasm

Question 2

Briefly discuss the main goal of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Answer 2

main goal of glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules in aerobic conditions or lactate in anaerobic conditions.

Question 3

what type of cell relies on glycolysis only as main source of ATP synthesis and why is that?

Answer 3

Red Blood Cells rely only on glycolysis as a source of energy because it doesn’t have any mitochondria

Question 4

what happens during physically demanding exercises?

Answer 4

Anaerobic glycolysis becomes primary source of ATP productions

Question 5

name the enzyme that converts glucose into glucose 6-phosphate and is it reversible or irreversible?

Answer 5

Hexokinase and its an irreversible reaction requiring ATP

Question 6

name the enzyme that converts fructose 6-phosphate into

fructose 6-bisphosphate

Answer 6

phosphofructokinase irreversible reaction and requires ATP

Question 7

name the enzyme that converts phosphoenol pyruvate into pyruvate

Answer 7

pyruvate kinase

Question 8

Describe pyruvate kinase deficiency condition.

Answer 8

Because mature RBC rely on glycolysis as the only source of ATP. pyruvate kinase deficiency leads to hemolytic anemia and in severe cases patients require regular blood transfusions.

Question 9

Hormonal regulation: how does covalent modification regulate glycolysis?

Answer 9

because when insulin is secreted it activates key enzymes for glycolysis by dephosphorylation and glucagon when secreted deactivates key enzymes for glycolysis by phosphorylation.

Question 10

induction and repression of I insulin and glucagon

Answer 10

insulin induces key enzymes for glycolysis and glucagon represses those enzymes

Question 11

Name 2 inhibitors for the glycolysis.

Answer 11

MERCURY AND FLUORIDE

Question 12

how does mercury affect glycolysis?

Answer 12

mercury binds with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase at the active site preventing glycolysis to proceed and leading to cell death. mercury poisoning most commonly occur due to eating polluted or wrongly preserved seafood.

Question 13

How does fluoride inhibits glycolysis?

Answer 13

fluoride binds with magnesium that is essential for enole enzyme activity when fluoride binds with magnesium it interferes with enole enzyme activity and inhibits the glycolysis.