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Modern Biology > L3 - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

L3 - Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

branch of science concerned with the chemistry of biomolecules and chemical processes of life.

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

It is multidisciplinary, standing at the crossroads between the physical sciencesand the life sciences

A

Biochemistry

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3
Q

Characteristics of Inorganic Compounds

A

Not carbon based, electrolyte, ionic bonding, simple structures

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4
Q

Characteristics of Organic Compounds

A

carbon based, non electrolyte. covalent bonding, complex structures

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5
Q

How much does oxygen contribute in the human weight?

A

65%

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6
Q

How much does carbon contribute in the human weight?

A

18%

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7
Q

How much does hydrogen contribute in the human weight?

A

10%

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8
Q

How much does nitrogen contribute in the human weight?

A

3%

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9
Q

How much does calcium contribute in the human weight?

A

2%

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10
Q

How much does phosphorus contribute in the human weight?

A

1%

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11
Q

How much does potassium contribute in the human weight?

A

0.30%

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12
Q

How much does sulfur contribute in the human weight?

A

0.20%

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13
Q

How much does sodium and chlorine contribute in the human weight (each)?

A

0.10%

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14
Q

building blocks of the cells themselves, as they constitute all that can be found within a cell.

A

Biomolecules

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15
Q

Defined as polymers of a single or several units of simpler molecules that have biological functions.

A

Biomolecules

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16
Q

commonly known as sugars (saccharides)

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

Greek word for sugar

A

sacchar

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18
Q

most abundant of the four biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

defined as transportable and usable form of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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20
Q

Their structure consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ___ ratio

A

1 : 2 : 1

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21
Q

They are the monomers of the higher, more complex structural forms of the carbohydrates.

A

monosaccharides

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22
Q

They are major source of nutrients, cell’s energy source, and raw materials for other biomolecules (i.e. amino acids, fatty acids)

A

Monosaccharides

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23
Q

Functional groups in a monosaccharide

A

1 carbonyl group and several hydroxyl group

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24
Q

Dependent on the carbonyl group’s reaction, a monosaccharide can be classified into 2 which are?

A

Aldose (aldehyde sugar) and Ketose (Ketone sugar)

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25
The skeleton of a monosaccharide can range from __ carbons long,
3 to 7
26
Enumerate sugars with 3-7 Carbons
Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, and heptose
27
Difference between aldose and ketose (in terms of molecular structure)
Aldose has a carbonyl group on one end, whereas ketose has it somewhere in the middle of CH2OH compounds
28
Example of triose for aldose and ketose
Glyceraldehyde (aldose) and Dihydroxyacetone (ketose)
29
Example of tetrose for aldose and ketose
Erythrose (aldose) and Erythrulose (ketose)
30
Example of pentose for aldose and ketose
Ribose, Xylose (aldose) and Ribulose, Xylulose (ketose)
31
Example of hexose for aldose and ketose
Glucose, Galactose (aldose) and Fructose (ketose)
32
Example of heptose for aldose and ketose
Glucoheptose (aldose) and Sedoheptulose (ketose)
33
This monosaccharide is an intermediate step in processing glycogen for energy during glycolysis
Glyceraldehyde
34
also known as glycerone, it is a major component of melanin and an important sugar for babies to boost their UV-B protection
Dihydroxyacetone or DHA
35
Extremely high amounts of Dihydroxyacetone is considered ____
Carcinogenic
36
They are the sugars that make up the backbone of nucleic acids
Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose (DNA)
37
the sweetest of the monosaccharides, along with Glucose, and the most naturally abundant form of sugar
Fructose
38
those sugars that have more than one saccharide unit in them
Complex Sugars
39
Complex sugars of more than 10 up to a thousand or even more saccharide units
Polysaccharides
40
Complex sugars of 3 to 10 saccharide units
Oligosaccharides
41
Complex sugars of 2 saccharide units
Disaccharides
42
Sugars bonded together by glycosidic links.
Disaccharides
43
The glycosidic links are ALWAYS located at the ___ carbon of one unit and the __ carbon of the other unit.
1st ; 4th
44
Depending on the combination of sugar units, they may appear to be sticky, sweet, water-soluble, or crystalline.
Disaccharides
45
Notable Disaccharides
Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Trehalose
46
Also known as table sugar
Sucrose
47
Sucrose came from the french word ___ which means sugar
sucre
48
Sucrose is a combination of what?
1 glucose and 1 fructose
49
It is the most common of all the Disaccharides, and found in almost everything that is edible
Sucrose
50
Also known as milk sugar
Lactose
51
Lactose is a combination of what?
1 glucose and 1 galactose
52
Also known as malt sugar
Maltose
53
Maltose is a combination of what?
2 glucose units
54
A sugar that results from the fermentation of beer, or chocolate and its by-products
Maltose
55
Trehalose is a combination of what?
2 glucose units
56
this sugar is bonded at the first carbon of both sugar units
Trehalose
57
It is the sugar common in mushrooms, crustaceans, and honey
Trehalose
58
Of all the carbohydrates, this type of sugar is the most limited, as they are often found exclusively in plants
Oligosaccharides
59
In animals, this sugar almost has no use as this type is indigestible; however, in plants, they are used as either transport or storage carbohydrates
Oligosaccharides
60
Notable Oligosaccharides
Raffinose and Stachyose
61
Raffinose has 3 sugar units, which consist of?
! Galactose, 1 Glucose, 1 Fructose
62
They are sugars that are found in beets, legumes, and whole grains, as well as some green vegetables
Raffinose
63
Stachyose has 4 sugar units, which consist of?
1 galactose, 1 glucose, 1 fructose, 1 galactose
64
This sugar is responsible for the antifreeze capability of plants during winter
Stachyose
65
Polysaccharides can be classified as?
Storage Polysaccharides and Structural Polysaccharides
66
Polysaccharides that function as storage units of energy
Storage Polysaccharides
67
Polysaccharides that exist often as a continuous chain or as an extensively branched chain.
Storage Polysaccharides
68
Polysaccharides that function as building blocks of cellular structures
Structural Polysaccharides
69
They exist only as long continuous chains that are linked side by side through hydrogen bonds (via their carbonyl groups).
Structural Polysaccharides
70
Notable Polysaccharides
Amylose and Amylopectin, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin
71
These two sugars are the building blocks of starch
Amylose and Amylopectin
72
How many percent does amylose contribute to starch?
20-30%
73
How many percent does amylopectin contribute to starch?
70-80%
74
These sugars are produced by the chloroplasts as sources of their energy
Amylose and Amylopectin
75
A glucose molecule in starch comprising of occasionally branched chains
Amylopectin
76
A glucose molecule in starch comprising of unbranched chains
Amylose
77
The sugar produced by animals during glycolysis as their source of energy
Glycogen
78
a protein at the core of the glycogen molecule which assembles glucose units into this sugar
Glycogenin
79
a polysaccharide formed from excess glucose in the body
Glycogen
80
Structural polysaccharide of plants found in their cell walls, which contributes to the rigidity of plants
Cellulose
81
It is the most abundant organic compound on the planet
Cellulose
82
Structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and in the cell walls of fungi
Chitin
83
It is the one responsible for the protection of the soft insides of arthropods as well as the rigidity of fungi
Chitin

Modern Biology (10 decks)

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