Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYSL 400 - Repro > L3 - Male Repro > Flashcards

L3 - Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

male accessory repro organs - internal organs

A

ducts for sperm storage and transport

- assoc glands: prostate, bulbourethral, seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

male external genitalia

A

penis

- scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

location of prostate

A

encircles urethra

- cancerous/enlargement impedes urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

urethra as a common passage

A

ventral aspect of penile shaft

  • surrounded by corpus spongiosum.
  • common passage for urine + semen.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is glans?

A

enlarged tip of penis

- foreskin (may be removed by circumcision)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the penile erectile tissue?

A

corpus spongiosum around urethra

- corporus cavernosa = most density, spongy, fills with blood = erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is scrotum?

A

extension of abdominal wall suspended outside abdomen.

- divided into two sacs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fetal development of testes

A
  • in abdomen until 7th month, then descend.
  • essential that they descend outside body cavity for normal sperm production.
  • normal T is not descended, but core temp too high = abnormal development of sperm.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vascularization of testes - what does it do?

A

allows for normal T production + secretion.

- facilitates heat-exchange mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does vascularization help heat-exchange

A

spermatic cord ties testes to body.
- testicular nerve, vas deferens, testicular artery, testicular veins

cool blood supplies the testes, heat transfers from arterial branches to veinous drainage = cooler blood supplying testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

testes failed to descend on their own.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

seminiferous tubules

- outer fibrous capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how sperm travels out ?

A

seminiferous tubules

  • > rete testis (convergent area in testis)
  • > efferent ductules
  • > epididymis
  • > vas deferens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is inguinal canal?

A

canal that testes descend thru to land in scrotum.

-spermatic cord passes thru inguinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what surrounds seminiferous tubules?

A

intersitial tissue = blood vessels + Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

journey of sperm past vas deferens

A
  • extends behind bladder + joins with seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct. prostate + bulbourethral add secretions too.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what other secretions contribute to semen?

A
  • prostate gland secretes fluid into urethra

- bulbourethral drain into urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does semen contain?

A

nutrients

  • protective buffers
  • seminal-vesicle derived chemicals
  • Prostaglandins
  • mucoid secretions
  • water
  • sperm
  • zinc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what kind of nutrients in semen?

A

fructose + other things to ensure viability of sperm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do the protective buffers do?

- source?

A

neutralize acidic vaginal secretions + residual urine in urethra.

  • from prostate + bulbourethral glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

function of seminal-vesicle derived chemicals

A
  • promote increased sperm mobility

- unsure exactly what this is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prostaglandins (PG)

A

produced by seminal vesicle
(thought they came from prostate)
- unclear function but maybe assist in contraction of duct system + facilitate ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are mucoid secretions?

  • fxn?
  • source?
A
  • lubrication of urethra.

- from bulbourethral glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

function of zinc in semen?

A

important micronutrient for humans

- isn’t clear what the function is, but low zinc assoc with infertility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

general function of secretions in semen?

A

protect male repro tract from pathogens, bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

spermatogenesis - where?

A

seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

2 types of cells in seminiferous tubules?

A
  • developing sperm

- sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

layout of cells in seminiferous tubules

A
  • basement membrane surrounds the tubule.
  • sertoli cells make up wall of seminiferous tubule
  • developing sperm inside, attached to sertoli cells.
  • moving inwarrds = more mature sperm cells.
  • centre = fluid filled lumen that collects mature cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is T produced?

A

Leydig cells - in interstitium. Sertoli cells depend on Leydig cells for T which supports Sertoli fxn

30
Q

names of sperm at different maturation stages

A

@BIRTH:
primordial germ cell converts to spermatogonia -> stays quiescent until puberty.

@PUBERTY:

  • spermatogonia goes thru mitosis - 1 cell moves on thru meiosis, the second continually divides thru mitosis
  • spermatogonia -> 1-ary spermatocyte – meiosis 1 –> secondary spermatocytes (diploid) –meiosis 2–> spermatids (haploid) –differentiation -> mature sperm
31
Q

time for full maturation of sperm?

A

can take 64-74 days.

- but 30 million spermies made per day.

32
Q

why are sertoli cells called sustentacular cells?

A

reference to their fxn in supporting development of sperm cells.

33
Q

what do Sertoli cells do for developing spermatogonia?

A
  • in constant contact with sperm = provide nourishment, secrete inhibin, activin, growth factors, enzymes and androgen-binding protein.
34
Q

what is androgen-binding protein

A

binds to androgens and takes them out of circulation.

35
Q

sertoli cells as barrier

A

form unbroken ring around the outer circumference = sertoli-cell barrier (blood-testis barrier) tight junction to regulate what passes thru/protect from bacteria/pathogen

36
Q

where are leydig cells found?

A

located in connective tissue spaces between tubules

37
Q

what are function of Leydig cells?

- active/quiescent when?

A

synthesize + release T. also convert T to estradiol which is important for spermatogenesis (aromatase)

active in fetus, quiescent from birth -> puberty. reactivate at puberty

38
Q

hormone influence on production of sperm

A

Gn act on cells in testes.
FSH on Sertoli = increase sertoli fxn - increase spermatogenesis. also require T to function (LH has indirect function on spermatogenesis).
LH on Leydig cells = stimulate T production/secretion

39
Q 
function of Androgen-binding protein in production of sperm?
- produced where?
A

helps to concentrate T levels in seminiferous tubules

  • allows continued Sertoli function
  • produced in Sertoli cells.
40
Q

function of inhibin on productin of mature sperm

A
  • has negative feedback effect on ant.pit. to decrease FSH.

- T also has negative feedback on LH at hypothal + ant.pit.

41
Q

what does activin do?

A

acts on ant.pit to increase FSH release.

- increase Gn = increase T + spermatogenesis

42
Q

sperm cell morphology through the developmental processes

A
  • cells bound to sertoli until transformation complete

- final maturation in epididymis = lose cytoplasm + develop tail

43
Q

normal sperm cell morphology

A

head

  • mostly nucleus, contains all genetic info.
  • acrosome = tip of nucleus.

midpiece: formed by mitochondria. provide energy for movement
tail: flagellum. propel at 1-4 mm/min.

44
Q

what is acrosome?

A

protein-filled vesicle, contains enzymes that are necessary for fertilization

45
Q

where is sperm stored? how is it stored?

A

vas deferens + epididymis.

  • passive storage, no energy needed.
  • increased pressure from sperm build up moves sperm along to seminiferous tubules + as far as epididymis
46
Q

fluid:sperm content in storage

A

may decrease pressure by reabsorbing water/fluid.

increase sperm concentration

47
Q

propulsion of sperm during ejaculation?

A

peristaltic movement of vas deferens and ejaculation propel sperm

48
Q

process of penile erection

A
  1. rest: corpora cavernosa + corpora spongiosa - flaccid, not engorged with blood.
  2. sexual excitation: imaginative, or irl - sexually relevant stimuli. dilates small arteries that supply erectile tissue = increase blood flow - engorged with blood
  3. Prevent venous outflow. passive compression of veins to trap the blood in the erectile tissue = penile tumescence + engorgement of blood for erection
49
Q

Neural input to penile arteries at rest

A
  • at rest, dominant input to penile arteries is sympathetic = inhibits erection (NA)
50
Q

stimulus for erection?

A

-CNS pathway triggered by sensation, spinal reflex in lower spinal cord
OR
PNS: input from penis mechanoceptors

51
Q

how CNS/PNS input changes CNS output?

A

activate parasympathetic: non-adrenergic, non-cholingergic autonomic neurons

52
Q

what do non-adrenergic + non-cholinergic autonomic neurons do?

A 
release NO (vasorelaxation) and VIP, suppress/inhibit sympathetic activity
= dilation of arteries to increase arterial blood. compress venous drainage.
53
Q

what happens if there’s no sympathetic inhibition?

A

problems with vasodilation: issue with gaining/ maintaining erection for significant period of time.

54
Q

what may occur if there’s a spinal cord injury where input to the brain is impaired?

A

erection is still possible if spinal cord is still intact at lower sacral region. erectile reflex region intact.

  • CNS won’t have role, so psychogenic stimuli won’t work
  • spinal reflex/mechanical stimuli should work tho.
55
Q

implications of CNS involvement in erection?

A

psychogenic input is important.

(-) experience may suppress activation of PNS and prevent suppression of SNS

56
Q

4 steps in male sexual response cycle?

* duration?

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
    * duration of phase differs btw individuals/encounters*
57
Q

what is the excitement phase?

A

AROUSAL

  • changes from unstimulated, to partially stimulated to full erection.
  • slight elevation of testes.
58
Q

what is the plateau phase?

A

erection is maintained

  • release of secretions from bulbourethral gland to lubricate urethra
  • enlargement of prostate
  • testes elevate
  • increase diameter/size of testes + penis.
  • darkened scrotum.
59
Q

what is the orgasm phase?

A

= Emission + ejaculation

  • releases of semen.
    contract: seminal vesicle, bulbourethral, prostate.
  • internal sphincter to bladder closes = no backwards movement.
  • contractions in ductal systems and urethra due to symp activation + PG = ejaculation + release of semen.
60
Q

what is the resolution phase?

A

erection disappears + symp tone increases, unstimulated state.

  • de-tumescence : vasocontriction, venous drain allowed.
  • testes descend, scrotum thins
  • no re-arousal.
  • duration varies*
61
Q

what is ejaculation?

A

discharge of semen from penis

62
Q

what mediates ejaculation?

A

spinal reflex mediated by afferent pathways from penile mechanoreceptors

63
Q

what are the two phases of ejaculation?

A

emission

ejaculation

64
Q

what is the emission phase of ejaculation?

A

symp mediated.
- contract epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, prostate + seminal vesicle.

  • empty sperm + secretions into urethra
65
Q

what is ejaculation phase of ejaculation?

A

~3ml of semen expelled from urethra due to symp activation + hormones causing rapid contractions of smooth + skeletal muscles at base of penis.
- sphincter at base of bladder is contracted to prevent retrograde ejaculation

66
Q

what is an orgasm?

A

muscular contractions, pleasure + systemic physiological changed.

  • followed by latent period
  • can have without ejaculation, or ejaculation without orgasm
67
Q

hormonal control of testicular function

A
  • no cyclical changes (except pulsatile release of GnRH)
  • GnRH secretion every 90 mins.
    FSH on SErtoli
    LH on leydig = T
68
Q

negative feedback by testicular hormones

A
  • T inhibits LH: at ant.pit and hypothal to decrease GnRH

- inhibin (produced due to FSH) decreases FSH secretion: secreted by Sertoli cells.

69
Q

Testosterone in the prostate?

A

conversion to DHT by 5-a-reductase

  • more potent
  • male pattern baldness
  • prostate enlargement
  • other 2-ary sex characteristics
70
Q

Testosterone in brain, liver, adipose tissue?

A

converted to estradiol by aromatase

  • estradiol may support bone growth

PHYSL 400 - Repro (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions