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PHYSL 400 - Repro > L2- Reproductive Behaviour, Libido & Control > Flashcards

L2- Reproductive Behaviour, Libido & Control Flashcards

1
Q

natural reproduction depends on ?

A

interaction between individuals of species.

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2
Q

reproductive success may depend on ?

A

age + engaging in sex

  • libido
  • engaging in sex enough times.
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3
Q

sex roles are a product of (3)

A

biological nature

  • perception of this nature
  • presentation of sexuality to others
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4
Q

what is biological sex?

A

determines anatomical + physiological “femaleness” or “maleness”

XX = ovaries, female accessory sex structures, female 2-ary sex characteristics

XY = testes, male accessory sex structures, male 2-ary sex characteristics

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5
Q

biological sex + brain function

A
  • hormones present during brain development shape how the brain forms.
  • also shapes sexual behaviour
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6
Q

what id gender identity

A

psychological perception of one’s biological sex

  • personal experience,
  • not necessarily lines up with biological sex
  • not static, and not necessarily binary
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7
Q

what are sex roles?

A

outward expression of gender identity

- presentation thru behaviour

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8
Q

what influences are on sex roles + gender identity?

A

culture, social interactions, home/family enviro, religious beliefs, biology
= nature vs nurture

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9
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

interaction of two distinct sexual organisms

- sexual process: implies specific + complex affinity btw individuals of the opposite sex

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10
Q

human sexual behaviour encompasses a wide range of activities: (3)

A

strategies to find + attract partners

  • chemical interactions btw individuals
  • physical interactions during sexual intercourse : neuro-endocrine intxn - ANS influences repro
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11
Q

ensuring copulation -need what?

A

make fusion of gametes possible

  • facilitate sperm entry into female repro tract
  • fertilize ovum
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12
Q

key aspect in sexual function?

A

sexual desire : interest in engaging

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13
Q

physiology of sexual connections

  • 3 types
  • made by?
A

physical, chemical + informational connections.

- made by emitting + receiving physical + chemical cues from individual.

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14
Q

3 emotional categories for mating + reproduction?

A
  1. lust (libido/sex drive)
  2. attraction
  3. attachment

each assoc with particular pattern of neural activity + evolved to control aspect of repro

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15
Q

Lust

  • what is it?
  • leads to?
A

= craving for sexual gratification

  • motivational
  • leads to initiation of sexual activity + procreative behaviour
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16
Q

Attraction

A

lust facilitates attraction.

  • preference for certain traits exhibited by potential mate
  • increased energy + focused attention on potential mate that is worth the cost (energy, time, viability)
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17
Q

attachment

A

maintain close social contact

- recognizing, preferring + maintaining proximity.

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18
Q

how three emotional categories evolved nowadays?

A

more independent of each other.

- can interact, but dont have to be tied for successful repro.

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19
Q

what is human mating flexibility?

A

separation of the three emotional categories.

- widen contemporary human mative + repro strategies

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20
Q

behavioural variation

A

distribution of brain sites, hormone, and NT receptors assoc with each emotion category varies btw + within species, and within person over time.

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21
Q

examples of behavioural variation

A
  • individual variation of sex drive among humans
  • individual variaitons in frequency + duration of human attraction
  • individual variation in human attachment
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22
Q

other impacts behavioural variation

A
  • cultural + ecological.

* may have neural correlates*

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23
Q

sex drive as an intrinsic, natural phenomenon

- implications of it?

A
  • evolved to drive ppl to engage in sex
  • thought to arise intrinsically around sexual maturity
  • gave ppl pleasure in sex (not found in other animals)
  • duration + frequency of human sexual encounters exceeds that of other animals
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24
Q

how is sex drive a multidimensional phenomenon?

A

many mammalian aspects of anatomy + physiology involved

- modulated by ecological stimuli, olfactory cues, learning

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25
what hormones are associated with sex drive/lust?
androgens + estrogens
26
what happens if lust is impaired?
asexual , may not want to engage. | - initiation becomes a problem.
27
sex drive mediated by what?
median preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus
28
MPOA regulates?
ALL motivated, goal-directed behaviour required for survival of individual + species
29
MPOA is source of?
GnRH . stimulates sex steroid production
30
lesion of MPOA =?
first observed in male guinea pigs. - disrupts male sexual behaviour in all vertebrate species studied. - disrupts appetitive behaviours
31
what are the appetitive behaviours in rats?
motivational behaviours - particularly sequences + timed. 1. hop + darts around female rat 2. female lordosis
32
Male rats - sexually rewarded maze learning. | MPOA damage?
x-maze, sexually receptive female in one arm. | - MPOA damage: olfactory cues will be ignored + male wont seek out female.
33
castrated male + ovariectomized female rodents - - replace with A?
do not exhibit sexual desire. ] - no T - DHEA not enough to support repro fxns - if replace with A: normal sex fxn. increase dose = increase libido
34
T related to sex drive - evidence?
elevated T (in M or F) = increased sex drive. - T converted to E, so maybe E has effect on sex drive.
35
circulating T in young human males : STUDY
measured circulating T and time spent viewing erotic stimuli. - more T = more time spent viewing erotic image. - higher T = higher sexual motivation
36
circulating T in young males : STUDY - implications
- strongly predicts sexual motivation + behaviour | - directly implicated in increased interest in sexual visual stimuli
37
where do steroid hormones act when sexually relevant stimulus?
- steroid hormones act centrally + peripherally = more likely to elicit sexual response
38
sex hormones affect other hormones how?
modulate central neurotransmitter release: prime brain to be more receptive to sexual stimuli. - DA increase? - act in MPOA of hypothal.
39
MPOA and other senses
MPOA uses sex hormones to prime sensory processing to favour sexually relevant stimuli.
40
DA signalling in MPOA
- inject DA antagonist = decreased sexual motivation | - DA rises in pre-copulatory period - indicating role in sexual motivation.
41
T interaction with DA - found in male rats
T presence required for DA increase = permissive effect on DA release.
42
study in male rats on DA. - intact - castrated with T supplement - castrated + vehicle (1 week) - castrated + vehicle (2 weeks) what are 3 phases?
3 phases? - baseline - pre-copulatory: smell/sense female but can't get to her - cop: male makes contact with female - usually engage in sex, ejaculates 6-8 times a session.
43
study in male rats on DA. | - intact rats response
- pro-cop: detect F, DA increase in MPOA. - continually increase, active process of DA increase. if in pre-cop for too long, DA with decrease. need cop - cop: successful mating many times
44
study in male rats on DA. | - cast + T
- supplemental T rescues sexual motivation. performance worse than natural but still increase in DA thru phases
45
study in male rats on DA. | - Cast + Veh 1 week
no T because testes were removed. - still see increase in DA throughout pre-cop + cop. - circulating T not found, but T has long lasting effect. - found for E too.
46
implications from study in male rats on DA. re: cast + vehicle 1 week.
priming of T on MPOA is longer lasting, has residual effect.
47
study in male rats on DA. - cast + 2 weeks vehicle
No T, remove testes - no more circulating T, all positive + long-lasting effects have diminished - no rise in DA during pre-cop. - similar results as when lesion MPOA, remove T or prevent DA
48
anti-depressants on libido
side effects of SSRI = supress libido. | - where DA stimulates, 5-HT supresses
49
what NTs are associated with attraction?
catecholamines + DA
50
what characteristics make a preferred partner
physical symmetry - display of resources - display of fertility - display of health
51
attraction in humans vs animal models
animals = attraction is fleeting | - humans: attraction is longer + higher intensity
52
romantic attraction appears in brain how?
- mesolimbic area (reward centre) | - - increased monoamine NT: DA, NA
53
some effects of DA
euphoria, loss of appetite, hyperactivity, increased mental activity, decreased need for sleep. - heightened motivation + goal-directed behaviours - most likely assoc with increased passionate attraction
54
higher order cogniton involved in attraction - why?
over-ride who/what we are attracted to. | - other factors influence: culture, family expectations, childhood experience
55
what does attachment look like?
species-specific touching, separation anxiety when apart, attempting to restore close contact after separation - form "pair bonds"
56
what hormones are associated with attachment?
vasopressin + oxytocin - V: usually think about water reabsorption, renal stuff - O : childbirth, uterine contraction, pair bond with partner/child
57
attachment evolved why? | - attachment related to?
evolved to motivate individuals to engage in positive social behaviours (stick close to bb - give them a chance) - assume species-specific parenting behaviours - associated with consummatory actions - not necessarily related to attraction or sex drive
58
vasopressin + oxytocin - mediator of what? - produced by?
highly conserved mediators of social cognition + behaviour - produced by neurons in SON and PVN, released from post pit thru neuro-circulatory connection with hypothal. -
59
extra-hypothalamic sites for V production
- act on pre-frontal cortex and modulate behaviour | - develop in greater numbers in males compared to females
60
neurochemistry of the paid bond | - study of prairie voles + O
Ctrl females: spend more time with partner than with stranger. O antagonist + O = same as control O into brain = when physiologically relevant does, F spends more time with mate of choice, less with stranger O injected peripherally = dont see marked effect in facilitation of pair bond.
61
V and pair bond in males
F => O | M => V
62
male prairie voles + V study | - block V
anti-V: less time spent with partner and more time spent with stanger. suggests V is important for male pair bonds - V more responsible for pair bond than O
63
O receptors found where?
nucleus accumbens + PFC
64
monogamous behaviour in males asosc with?
increased V in ventral pallidum
65
O + V implications for humans from info on rodents?
- roles difficult to discern - increased O after male orgasm - increased V during sexual arousal - sex may not be essential for bond formation but may facilitate.
66
young male humans. blood samples of O+V | - findings?
- arousal: V not much higher than baseline. higher O in/after orgasm.

PHYSL 400 - Repro (20 decks)

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