Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSB 3340 Exam 1 > L3: Neurotransmission, neurotransmitters & Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

L3: Neurotransmission, neurotransmitters & Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Label the Structures of the Synapse:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

release of a neurotransmitter

A

Neurotransmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Process of Neurotransmission

  1. Undocked ____1___ ____2____ contains cluster of ________ _______ in ____1___ ____2____
  2. Docked ____1___ ____2____ links up to ______ & is ready to ________
  3. ______ proteins interact w/ __ channels & opens __3___ pore
  4. __3___ pore widens, membrane of ____1___ ____2____ & fuses w/ _________ membrane
  5. Molecules of _4_ begin to leave the _______ ______
  6. “______” figures to continue release of _4_
A

Process of Neurotransmission

  1. Undocked synaptic vesicle contains cluster of protein molecules in synaptic vesicle
  2. Docked synaptic vesicle links up to protein & is ready to release
  3. Snare proteins interact w/ Ca+ channels & opens fusion pore
  4. Fusion pore widens, membrane of synaptic vesicle & fuses w/ presynaptic membrane
  5. Molecules of NT begin to leave the terminal button
  6. “Omega” figures to continue release of NT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

protein with specialized shape that interacts w/ only 1 type of NT, inducing a change for it & the post-synaptic cell

A

receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 ways a NT causes a change in the postsynaptic neuron

A
  1. Ionotropic Receptors
  2. Metabotropic Receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

type of post synaptic receptors that causes slight de/hyper-polarizations that includes an ion channnel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist

List the 2 types

A

Ionotropic Receptors

  1. Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs)
  2. Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

type of ionotropic receptor that h**yperpolarizes the post-synaptic neuron caused by _______ connections which _________ the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an AP

A

type of ionotropic receptor that h**yperpolarizes the post-synaptic neuron caused by inhibitory connections which decreases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

type of ionotropic receptor that depolarizes the post-synaptic neuron caused by _______ connections which ________ the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an AP

A

type of ionotropic receptor that depolarizes the post-synaptic neuron caused by excitatory connections which increases the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

type of post synaptic receptor protein that creates more subtle changes and does not contain an ion channel but may, when activate, use a G-protein system to open a nearby channel

A

Metabotropic Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

calculation done @ membrane to cancel/induce AP by ions

what inputs induce/cancel the AP?

A

neural integration

Excitatory/Inhibitory Inputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

type of summation at the axon hillock of post-synaptic potentials from across the cell body; summation reaches threshold = triggered AP

A

spatial summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

type of summation of post-synaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times, closer in time the potentials occur = more complete summation

A

temporal summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Characteristics of Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells: Action Potential

Signaling Role:

Typical duration (ms):

Amplitude:

Character:

Mode of propogation:

Ion Channel Opening:

Channel sensitive to:

A

Characteristics of Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells: Action Potential

Signaling Role: Conduction along an axon

Typical duration (ms): 1-2

Amplitude: Overshooting, 100 mV

Character: All-or-none, digital

Mode of propogation: Actively propogated, regenerative @ Nodes of Ranvier

Ion Channel Opening: First Na+, then K+ in different channels

Channel sensitive to: Voltage (depolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Characteristics of Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells: EPSP

Signaling Role:

Typical duration (ms):

Amplitude:

Character:

Mode of propogation:

Ion Channel Opening:

Channel sensitive to:

A

Characteristics of Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells: EPSP

Signaling Role: Transmission bw neurons

Typical duration (ms): 10-100 ms

Amplitude: Depolarizing, from less than 1 to more than 20 mV

Character: Graded, analog (not just 0/1 but everything in bw)

Mode of propogation: Local, passive spread

Ion Channel Opening: Na+-K+

Channel sensitive to: Chemical, NT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Characteristics of Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells: IPSP

Signaling Role:

Typical duration (ms):

Amplitude:

Character:

Mode of propogation:

Ion Channel Opening:

Channel sensitive to:

A

Characteristics of Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells: IPSP

Signaling Role: Transmission bw neurons

Typical duration (ms): 10-100 ms

Amplitude: Hyperpolarization, from less than 1 to ~15 mV

Character: Graded, analog

Mode of propogation: Local, passive spread

Ion Channel Opening: Cl-, K+

Channel sensitive to: Chemical, NT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

type of synapse where axon and dendrite meet?

axon and soma?

A

axo-dendritic

axo-somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Label Metabotropic Receptors:

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Basic Mechanism for GPCRs

  1. __a__ attached to _1_ subunit of G-protein (& other subunits 2, 3) @ ____ located (inside/outside) the cell
  2. _______ or __ messenger located (inside/outside) the cell attaches to GPCR+subunits (1,2,3); Activated __ binds __b__ to _1_ subunit replacing __a__
  3. __ messenger initiates a _____ _______ separating __-stimulated effector protein from __(_b_)-stimulated effector protein
  4. Final product is separated; __ & __ stimulated effector proteins with PO4 and __a__ replacing __b__
A

Basic Mechanism for GPCRs

  1. GDP attached to alpha subunit of G-protein (& other subunits beta, gamma) @ rest located inside the cell
  2. Transmitter or 1st messenger located outside the cell attaches to GPCR+subunits (alpha, beta, gamma); Activated Galpha binds GTP to alpha subunit replacing GDP
  3. 2nd messenger initiates a signal cascade separating Galpha-stimulated effector protein from Gbeta,gamma(GTP)-stimulated effector protein
  4. Final product is separated; Galpha & Gbeta,gamma stimulated effector proteins with PO4 and GDP replacing GTP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Shortcut Pathway for GPCRs

  1. Closed _______ channel with G-subunits (1, 2, 3) attached to ______ receptor; ___ attaches to GPCR from (outside/inside) of cell as ___ replaces ____
  2. ______ channel opens and GPCR separates with subunits 2,3 attaching to ______ channel as __subunit with ___ detaches
A

The Shortcut Pathway for GPCRs

  1. Closed potassium channel with G-subunits (alpha, beta, gamma) attached to muscarinic receptor; ACh attaches to GPCR from outside of cell as GTP replaces GDP
  2. Potassium channel opens and GPCR separates with subunits beta, gamma attaching to potassium channel as alphasubunit with GTP detaches
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_GPCR Long Way: ______ messenger _______

  1. __ attaches to complete GPCR protein w/ all subunits (1,2,3) attached
  2. ___ replaces ____
  3. __subunit+___ attach to ______-_____ enzyme
  4. Intermediate ________ reactions occur which activates (up/down)stream enzyme
A

_GPCR Long Way: ______ messenger _______

  1. NT attaches to complete GPCR protein w/ all subunits (alpha,beta,gamma) attached
  2. GTP replaces GDP
  3. alphasubunit+GTP attach to membrane-bound enzyme
  4. Intermediate chemical reactions occur which activates downstream enzyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Activation of Adenylyl Cyclase

  1. __ attaches to ___1____ __ receptor with complete G-protein w/ all ___1___G-protein subunits (1,2,3) attached
  2. ___ replaces ____
  3. __subunit+___ separates and attaches to adenyly cyclase to activate ATP which replaces ____
  4. Produces _____ ______ __ (PKA)
A

Activation of Adenylyl Cyclase

  1. NE attaches to stimulatory beta receptor with complete G-protein w/ all stimulatory-protein subunits (alpha,beta,gamma) attached
  2. GTP replaces GDP
  3. alpha-subunit+GTP separates and attaches to adenyly cyclase to activate ATP which replaces cAMP
  4. Produces Protein Kinase A (PKA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase

  1. __ attaches to ___1____ __ receptor with complete G-protein w/ all ___1___G-protein subunits (1,2,3) attached
  2. ___ replaces ____
  3. __subunit+___ separates and attaches to adenyly cyclase to inhibit ATP and ____
  4. Produces _____ ______ __ (PKA)
A

Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase

  1. NE attaches to inhibitory alpha2 receptor with complete G-protein w/ all inhibitory G-protein subunits (alpha,beta,gamma) attached
  2. GTP replaces GDP
  3. alphasubunit+GTP separates and attaches to adenyly cyclase to inhibit ATP which replaces cAMP
  4. Produces Protein Kinase A (PKA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

end result of 2nd messenger cascades?

A

altering phosphorylation state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Altering phosphorylation states will in turn:

  • Change a receptor’s _______
  • Move a receptor in/out of the _______
  • Alter _______/_______
  • Alter _______ levels
A

Altering phosphorylation states will in turn:

  • Change a receptor’s function
  • Move a receptor in/out of the membrane
  • Alter transcription/translation
  • Alter calcium levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

kinases which add phosphate groups?

A

phosphorylate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

kinases which remove phosphate groups & action of removing phosphate groups?

A

Phosphotases, dephosphorylate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

After a NT binds a receptor…

A

It pops off; keeps the “message/signal” specific in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

2 ways a receptor gets removed from the synapse:

  1. Reuptake via ________ _______
    1. Gets taken up by _________ neuron OR ____
  2. ________ degradation in the _____
A

2 ways a receptor gets removed from the synapse:

  1. Reuptake via transporter proteins
    1. Gets taken up by presynaptic neuron OR glia
  2. Enzymation degradation in the synapse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Criteria to be a NT:

  • Substance exists in __________ terminals
  • __________ neuron has the appropriate ______ for making the substance
A

Criteria to be a NT:

  • Substance exists in presynaptic terminals
  • Presynaptic neuron has the appropriate enzymes for making the substance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Criteria to be a NT:

  • Substance is _______ when AP arrives at terminals
  • Specific _______ for the substance are found on the __________ membrane
A

Criteria to be a NT:

  • Substance is released when AP arrives at terminals
  • Specific enzymes for the substance are found on the postsynaptic membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Criteria to be a NT:

  • Experimental application of the substance are found on the __________ cells
  • _______ release of the substance prevents ___________ activity from affecting __________ cell
A

Criteria to be a NT:

  • Experimental application of the substance are found on the postsynaptic cells
  • Blocking release of the substance prevents presynaptic activity from affecting postsynaptic cell
32
Q

Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE), Histamine (H), and Serotonin (5-HT) are categorized under what type of NTs?

A

Monoamines

33
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is categorized as what type of NT?

A

Quarternary Amine

34
Q

Endogenous opioids are categorized as what type of NT?

A

Peptides

35
Q

Adenosine is categorized as what type of NT?

A

Purines

36
Q

GABA, Glycine, and Glutamate (Glu) are categorized as what type of NT?

A

Amino Acids (AA)

37
Q

Anandamide is categorized as what type of NT?

A

Lipid

38
Q

Nitric oxide is categorized as what type of NT?

A

Soluble Gas

39
Q

DA and NE specifically are categorized under what category of NT and what precursor amino acid are they synthesized from?

A

Catecholamines; tyrosine

40
Q

Catecholamines are inactivated:

  1. reuptake through ________ (_ _ _ / _ _ _)
  2. Inside/outside the presynaptic terminal both __ & __ undergo ________-deactivation by _________ _______ (MAO)
A

Catecholamines are inactivated:

  1. reuptake through transporters (DAT /NET)
  2. Inside the presynaptic terminal both DA & NE undergo enzymatic-deactivation by monoamine oxidase (MAO)
41
Q

form of negative feedback that acts as a sensory for the smount of NT necessary

A

autoreceptor

42
Q
A
43
Q

norepinephrine (NE) is also known as?

A

noraderenaline

44
Q
A
45
Q

NT first thought to be a CNS transmitter when LSD was found to resemble it structurally

A

serotonin

46
Q

__________ has a role in sleep, mood, sexual behavior, body temp, hunger & feeding

A

Serotonin has a role in sleep, mood, sexual behavior, body temp, hunger & feeding

47
Q

Abbreviation for serotonin?

Name the 9 types of receptors

What is reuptake through?

A

5-HT

5-HT1A &B; 5-HT1D,E,F; 5-HT2A,B,C; 5-HT3

Serotonin Transporter = SERT

48
Q
  • NT involved with cognition and memory?
  • deficiencies in ___ secreting neurons = learning & memory dysfunction (EX?)
  • drugs that antagonize _________ receptors in the CNS produce amnesia (?)
  • Also important in sleep
A
  • Acetylcholine (ACh)
  • deficiencies in ACh secreting neurons = learning & memory dysfunction (Alzheimer’s)
  • drugs that antagonize cholinergic receptors in the CNS produce amnesia (Scopolamine)
  • Also important in sleep
49
Q
A
50
Q
  • NT in which proteins were found in brain which were similar in action to morphine
    • Enkephalins, dynorphin, etc
    • Known commonly as endorphins
  • Behaviors: analgesia, reinforcement, mood, respiration, digestion
A

Opioid Peptides

51
Q

Example of an adenosine receptor antagonist?

Explain!!!!!

A

CAFFEINE!

removes adenosine off of the receptors so we feel less sleepy

52
Q

Purines may act as _________ = bind to receptors, travel to synapse; modulated

A

Purines may act as neuromodulators = bind to receptors, travel to synapse; modulated

53
Q
A
54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q

travel long distances; metabotropic receptors (sometimes inside the cell); last from hours –> months

A

Hormones

61
Q
  • the study of how drugs change behavior
  • either by _______/________ design
  • drugs that change behavior must fit like a ____ into receptors in our _____
  • 3 subjects that deal with it
A
  • Psychopharmacology
  • either by natural/synthetic design
  • drugs that change behavior must fit like a key into receptors in our brain
  • 3 subjects that deal with it: Pharmacokinetics/dynamics, Psychoactive Drugs
62
Q
  • study of how drugs move through & affect the body
    • drug ________: mechanisms by which drugs pass from point of entry to bloodstream varies w/ route of administration
    • drug ________: drug flows thru bloodstream to reach receptors
A
  • Pharmacokinetics: study of how drugs move through & affect the body
    • drug absorption: mechanisms by which drugs pass from point of entry to bloodstream varies w/ route of administration
    • drug distribution: drug flows thru bloodstream to reach receptors
63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
Q
A
66
Q

drug response intensity produced by binding

A

drug efficacy

67
Q

dose at which the drug shows half of the maximal effect is termed?

A

effective dose 50% (ED50)

68
Q

drug efficacies can be compared by evaluating the _____ responses

A

drug efficacies can be compared by evaluating the maximal responses

69
Q

the separation bw the effective doses of a drug and the toxic doses

A

therapeutic index

70
Q

study of how drugs interact with receptors

A

Pharmacodynamics

71
Q

a ligand producing a biological effect that reaches a maximum when all receptors are bound

A

Full Antagonist

72
Q

a ligand that binds but produces no biological response

3 Types:

binds irreversibly; binds at diff site; reversibly binds

A

Antagonist

3 Types:

  • binds irreversibly = noncompetitive
  • binds at diff site = allosteric
  • reversibly binds = competitive
73
Q

induces a pharmacological response opposite of the agonist

A

inverse agonist

74
Q

ligand that attaches to an alternate binding site to facilitate the opening of an ion channel OR increases the probability of signaling via Gproteins IF NT binds

A

indirect agonist

75
Q

a ligand that attaches to an alternate binding site to prevent the ion channel from opening OR decreasing the probability of signaling via Gproteins if NT binds; aka “allosteric/noncompetitive”

A

indirect antagonist

76
Q

UNDERSTAND!!!

A
77
Q

dose response curve measures

A

PSB 3340 Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions