L3 Spinal cord to the diencephalon Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
•Central nervous system is formed from _____derm
A
•Central nervous system is formed from ectoderm
2
Q
List the 3 steps in neuro
A
- Neuroectoderm cells receive inductive signals from notochord
- Cells thicken to form neural plate
- Lateral neural plate margins fold inwards to form neural tube
3
Q
What is neurulation?
A
Development of the nervous system
4
Q
At embryonic day 20, the cells at edges of neural plate are called _________ cells
A
Neural crest cells
5
Q
Label the diagram of neurulation
A
6
Q
At embryonic day 24, ________ cells migrate into _______ and differentiate
A
At embryonic day 24, neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate
7
Q
Neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate into…
A
(1) Autonomic and sensory neurons and glia
(2) Cells of the adrenal gland
(3) Melanocytes
(4) Skeletal/connective tissue of the head
8
Q
What does the mantle layer become?
A
- Becomes brain parenchyma
9
Q
What does the Ependymal layer become?
A
Lines the ventricles
10
Q
What happens at embryonic day 24 after neural crest cells migrate into periphery and differentiate?
A
•Neural tube thickens
11
Q
What does the lumen become?
A
- Becomes ventricles + central canal
12
Q
Complete the diagram on embryonic day 24 of neurulation
A
13
Q
•Neural tube defects occur in ~1/______ established pregnancies
A
1000
14
Q
What is anencephaly?
A
Failure of anterior neuropore to close
= Anencephaly (fatal)
15
Q
What is spina bifada?
A
Failure of posterior neural tube to close
= Spina bifida (divided by a cleft)
16
Q
Name the types of neural tube defect circled on the diagram
A
17
Q
What type of spina bifida does this show?
A
Spina bifida occulta (hidden, vertebral arch defect only)
18
Q
What type of spina bifida does this show?
A
Spina bifida cystica (e.g.; meningocele = meninges projects out)
19
Q
How are primary brain vesicles formed?
A
•Expansion of cranial end to form main brain regions (primary vesicles)
20
Q
In what direction does the development of the cervical and cephalic flexures occur?
A
Sagittal
21
Q
Complete the diagram of the primary brain vesicles
A
22
Q
Label where the cervical and cephalic flexures are on the diagram
A
23
Q
What does the telencephalon form?
A
(Cerebral hemispheres)
24
Q
What do the optic vesicles form?
A
Eyes
25
What does the diencephalon form?
Diencephalon (Thalamus/hypothalamus)
26
What does the metencephalon form?
(Pons/Cerebellum)
27
What does the myelencephalon form?
Myelencephalon (Medulla)
28
Label the brain directions
29
Complete the diagram of the development of secondary brain vesicles
30
What direction does the pontine flexure develop in?
sagittal
31
Label where the pontine flexure is on the diagram
32
Complete the diagram
33
What is grey matter made up of?
Grey matter - mainly neuronal cell bodies (e.g. cerebral cortex, brain nuclei)
34
What is white matter made up of?
White matter- mainly myelinated axons
35
Label the areas of the brain
36
What are the 5 functions of the spinal cord?
* Receives primary afferent fibres from somatic and visceral structures
* Sends motor axons to skeletal muscles
* Autonomic function
* Regulation of bodily functions at unconscious level (reflexes)
* Conveys ascending and descending tracts
37
•Spinal cord extends from ______ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•Spinal cord extends from atlas to L1
38
What is the cauda equina?
Cauda equina (Lumbar and sacral dorsal and ventral roots)
In lumbar cistern
39
Complete the diagram on the anatomy of the spinal cord
40
- Spinal cord narrows at L1 to form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- Spinal cord narrows at L1 to form conus medullaris
41
- ____________ (pia extension) attaches to coccyx
- Terminal filum (pia extension) attaches to coccyx
42
The spinal cord sits protected within the _________ (in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
•Sits protected within vertebral column (in vertebral canal)
43
Where does the spinal cord recieve its blood supply from?
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries (from the vertebral arteries)
Segmental spinal arteries (at each level)
44
Complete the diagram on the anatomy of the spinal cord
45
Complete the diagram on the blood supply to the spinal cord
46
What does the division of the spinal cord correlate to?
(Corresponds to where spinal nerves from that region exit the vertebral column)
47
What does the cervical enlargement innervate?
- innervation to upper limb
48
What does the lumbosacral enlargement innervate?
Lower limbs
49
Complete the diagram on the anatomy of the spinal cord
50
In the peripheral nervous system, spinal nerves connect the periphery to the spinal cord
In the peripheral nervous system, spinal nerves connect the periphery to the spinal cord
51
What nerves make up the peripheral nervous system?
31 pairs, each formed by a dorsal and ventral root
52
Are ventral roots efferent or afferent fibres?
Efferent
53
Are dorsal roots efferent or afferent fibres?
Afferent
54
Is this the inner/outer core?
Grey/white matter?
- Neuronal cell bodies
- H shaped
- Ventral, lateral and dorsal horns
•Inner core, grey matter
55
What does the pyramid in the medulla oblongata contain?
Corticospinal tract – main voluntary motor pathway
56
Is this the inner/outer core?
Grey/white matter?
- Myelinated axons
- Columns/tracts/funiculi
•Outer, white matter
57
The spinal cord has expanded grey matter at the levels that supply \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the limbs
58
Label the diagram of the spinal cord
59
What is the most primitive part of the brain?
Brainstem
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is continuous with the brainstem
spinal cord
61
What are the 6 functions of the brain stem?
1. Contains cranial nerve nuclei
2. Autonomic role
3. Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres
4. Vomiting centre
5. Nuclei involved with motor control, sleep
6. White matter tracts
62
Damage to which part of the brain often devastating and life-threatening?
brain stem
63
What are the 3 main regions of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
64
Complete the diagram
65
Label the diagram of the brainstem
66
What is the role of the medulla oblongata?
•Contains nuclei that are important in controlling respiration and the cardiovascular system
67
Where is the medulla oblongata?
68
What forms the olive in the medulla oblongata and what does it contain?
Formed by olivary nuclei
Motor relay to cerebellum
69
Complete the diagram
70
What are the 2 roles of the pons?
•Relays information to the cerebellum
Contains reticular formation - nuclei concerned with sleep, motor control
71
What does the middle cerebellar penduncle contain?
White matter tracts linking brainstem with cerebellum
72
Where is the pons?
73
Complete the diagram
74
Where is the midbrain?
75
The midbrain is continuous with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
forebrain
76
what is the role of the Superior colliculus in the midbrain?
- Vision
- Eye movements
77
what is the role of the Inferior colliculus in the midbrain?
- Auditory
78
What does the cerebral penduncles within the midbrain contain?
Corticospinal tract – main voluntary motor pathway
79
Complete the diagram
80
•Substantia nigra lies within the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
midbrain
81
Where is the substantia nigra?
82
What does the substantial nigra contain?
Dopaminergic neurons
Part of basal ganglia
83
What is the role of the red nucleus?
Motor coordination – relay between cortex and cerebellum
84
Label the diagram on the midbrain
85
Complete the diagram
86
What are the 3 functions of the cerebellum?
•Primarily involved with motor control:
- Control of posture
- Coordinating and planning limb movements
- Control of eye movements
87
Where is the cerebellum located?
•Cerebellum is posterior to brainstem
88
Where do outputs of the cerebellum go?
Motor outputs are to thalamus (to cortex) and brainstem
89
What symptoms do cerebellar lesions cause?
Clinical: Cerebellar lesions cause gait disturbances, upper limb ataxia and eye movement disorders
90
Complete the sentences on the structure of the cerebellum -
- Outer grey/white matter
- Underlying grey/white matter
- How many cerebellar hemispheres?
- How many lobes, divided into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_?
- Contains \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Outer gray matter
- Underlying white matter
- Two cerebellar hemispheres
- Three lobes, divided into lobules
- Contains nuclei
91
The cerebellum is connected to brainstem by what?
•Connected to brainstem by cerebellar peduncles
92
Label the cerebellum
93
Which part of the brain has a highly folded internal structure?
Cerebellum
94
Where do inputs for the cerebellum come from and what 2 systems are involved?
Receives inputs from periphery, spinal cord and brainstem, and cerebral cortex via two afferent systems:
Mossy fibres (from pons and spinal cord)
Climbing fibres (from medulla)
95
Complete the diagram of the cerebellum
96
What is the role of the diencephalon?
Relay and coordination centres
97
•Diencephalon is continuous with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
midbrain
98
What comprises the diencephalon?
•Comprises the thalamus and hypothalamus
99
Label the diencephalon
100
What are the 2 functions of the thalamus?
- Relays sensory information to the cortex
- Involved with consciousness, sleep, memory and motor functions
101
Which part of the brain is this -
* Paired structure
* Divided into nuclear groups
Thalamus
102
Targeting nuclei may be effective treatment for what?
Clinical: Targeting nuclei may be effective treatment for epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, pain, psychiatric disorders
103
Label the thalamus
104
The hypothalamus is _____ to the thalamus
•Inferior to thalamus
105
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
•Main function: Homeostasis
- Coordinates the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system
- Involved in thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms
- Receives inputs from limbic system
106
Hypothalamic lesions are linked to _________ syndromes
Clinical: Hypothalamic lesions linked to endocrine syndromes
107
What is the role of the pineal and pituitary glands?
Pineal gland - Produces melatonin
108
Complete the diagram
109
Hypothalamus sits between the _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
•Hypothalamus sits between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
110
Optic nerves converge/decussate to form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Optic nerves converge/decussate to form optic tracts
111
Complete the diagram
