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Nurological Physiotherapy > L3: The Brain & Neurological Conditions > Flashcards

L3: The Brain & Neurological Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

describe 2 main elements of the skull

A
  1. cranial cavity ( comprised of plates of bone connected by fiborous interlocking joints known as sutures)
  2. facial bones (orbit, nasal, roof of mouth - mandible is separate)
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2
Q

what is the role of the skull

A

provides protection and structure

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3
Q

what is the meninges of the brain

A

the outer layer of the brain and is comprised of 3 separate layers that have different thicknesses

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4
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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5
Q

what is dura mater

A

the outer membrane of the meninges

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6
Q

what is arachnoid mater

A

middle membrane of the meninges

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7
Q

what is the pia mater

A

innermost membrane of the meninges
- thin membrane than envelopes entire brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

what takes place under the subdural space

A

where venous blood flow occurs
- takes blood away from the brain and back to the heart

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9
Q

what takes place in the subarachnoid space

A
  • arterial blood flow (blood supplied to the brain)
  • CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) flows here
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10
Q

what is the function of cerebral spinal fluid

A

provides nutrients and lubrication around the spinal cord and the brain

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11
Q

what hemispheres are the brain split into

A

left hemisphere
right hemisphere

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12
Q

what is the left hemisphere of the brain responible for

A
  • sensory stimulus from the right side of the body
  • motor control of the right side of the body
  • speech, language and comprehension
  • analysis and calculations
    recognition of words, letters and numbers
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13
Q

what is the right hemisphere of the brain responsible for

A
  • sensory stimulus from the left side of the body
  • motor control of the left side of the body
  • creativity
  • spatial ability
  • context/ perception
  • recognition of faces, places and objects
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14
Q

what structure in the brain joins the left and right hemispheres together

A

corpus callosum

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15
Q

how is the corpus callosum supplied by blood

A

via anterior cerebral vessels

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16
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum

A

a neural highway tranferring a combination of sensory, motor and cognitive information between the 2 hemispheres

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17
Q

differentiate between the ridges and mounds of the brain surface

A

ridges = sulcus
mounds = gyrus

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18
Q

what 3 areas is the brain split into

A

forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

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19
Q

label the different lobes of the brain

A
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20
Q

what is the role of the frontal lobe

A
  • emotional regulation, planning, reasoning and problem solving
  • contains Broca’s area which’s role is expressive speech function
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21
Q

what is the function of Broca’s area

A

expressive speech

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22
Q

what is the role of the motor cortex

A

plan, control and execute voluntary and intentional movements

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23
Q

what is the role of the somatosensory cortex

A

to recieve information about temperature, taste, touch and movement from the rest of the body

24
Q

what is the role of the parietal lobe

A
  • integrates sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain
  • also has 2 point discrimination - the ability to discern from touch alone that 2 objects touch the skin at nearby points are distinct rather than one object
25
Q

what is the role of the occipital lobe

A

visual processing centre
- this information is relayed to several visual processing areas, which interpret depth, distance, location and the identity of seen objects

26
Q

what is the role of the temporal lobe

A
  • Primary Auditory Cortex: recieves auditory information from the ears and secondary areas, and process the information so we understand what we’re hearing
  • Wernicke’s Area: receptive speech
  • Visual Processing: make sense of complex visual information including faces and scenes
  • Memory: contains the hippocampus, a region of the brain important for memory, learning and emotions.
27
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A
  • Maintenance of Balance and Posture: makes postural adjustments in order to maintain balance. Through its input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors, it modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for shifts in body position
  • Coordination or Voluntary Movements: coordinate the timing and force of different muscle groups to produce fluid or body movements
  • Motor Learning: plays a major role in adapting and fine-tuning motor programs to make accurate movements through a trial-and-error process.
28
Q

what is the brainstem comprised of

A
  • midbrain
  • medulla
  • pons
29
Q

what is the role of the midbrain

A

associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep and wake cycles, alertness and temperature regulations

30
Q

what is the role of the medulla

A

contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centres and regulates autonomic, involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure

31
Q

what is the role of the pons

A

contains nuclei that replay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation and posture

32
Q

what sections is the inner brain split into

A

thalamus
hippocampus
hypothalamus

33
Q

what is the role of the thalamus

A

relay centre of information

34
Q

what is the role of the hippocampus

A

long term memory

35
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus

A

emotional control centre

36
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia

A

initiating and intergration of movements and contributes to blocking out unwanted actions

37
Q

label the blood arteries of the brain

A
38
Q

what is collateral circulation

A

a physiologic pathway of endogenous vessels that maintain residual blood flow to brain regions distal to an arterial occlusion

39
Q

where does collateral circulation take place

A

circle of willis

40
Q

how does collateral circulation take place

A

collateral circulation is the network of smaller blood vessels that can reroute blood flow to make sure your tissues still get the oxygen and nutrients they need if an occlusion occurs

41
Q

which parts of brain do the cerebral arteries supply

A
42
Q

what is the role of dendrites of a neutron

A

recieve messages from other nerve cells

43
Q

what is the role of axons of a neuron

A

short ones can carry signals from one cell in the cortex to another cell
long ones carry messages from the brain all the way down the spinal cord

44
Q

what is the role of myelin of a neuron

A

fatty molecule which provides insulation for the axon and helps nerve signals travel faster and further

45
Q

describe what happens at a synapse

A

the synapse is where signals pass from a neuron to another cell
- when the signal reaches the end of the axon, it stimulates the release of tiny vesicles
- these structures release neurotransmitters into the synapse
- neurotransmitters cross the synapse and attach to receptors in neighbouring cells

46
Q

describe adrenaline as a neurotransmitter

A
  • fight or flight neurotransmitter
  • produced in stressful situation, increases heart rate & blood flow, leading to a physical boost & heightened awareness
47
Q

describe noradrenaline as a neurotransmitter

A

concentration neurotransmitter
- affects attention & responding actions in the brain & involved in fight or flight response.
- contracts blood vessels, increasing blood flow

48
Q

describe dopamine as a neurotransmitter

A

pleasure neurotransmitter
- feelings of pleasure, and also addiction, movement and motivation
- people repeat behaviours that lead to dopamine release

49
Q

describe serotonin as a neurotransmitter

A

mood neurotransmitter
- contributes to well-being & happiness; helps sleep cycle & digestive system regulation.
- affected by exercise & light exposure

50
Q

describe GABA as a nurotransmitter

A

calming neurotransmitter
- calms firing nerves in CNS, high levels improve focus; low levels cause anxiety.
- also contributes to motor control and vision

51
Q

describe acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

A

learning neurotransmitter
- involved in thought, learning & memory.
- activates muscle action in the body
- also associated with attention and awakening

52
Q

describe glutamine as a neurotransmitter

A

memory neurotransmitter
- most common brain neurotransmitter
- involved in learning & memory, regulates development & creation of nerve contacts

53
Q

describe endorphins as a neurotransmitter

A

euphoria neurotransmitter
- released during exercise, excitement & sex, producing well-being & euphoria, reducing pain.
- biologically active section shown

54
Q

what is multiple sclerosis

A

a demyelinating disease where the myelin sheath around nerve axons is destoryed
- plaques form within the white and grey matter of the brain and spinal cord which are areas of demyelination

55
Q

what are some vague symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A
  • lack of energy
  • headache
  • depression
  • aches in limbs
56
Q

what are precise symptoms of multiple sclerosis

A
  • sensory disturbance - numbness and paraesthesia
  • retrobulbar neuritis
  • limb weakness
  • diplopia
  • vertigo
  • ataxia
  • sphincter disturbance
  • behavioural changes
57
Q

explain how cerebellum keeps you balanced

A
  • through input from vestibular receptors and proprioceptors, it modulates commands to motor neurons to compensate for shifts in body position or changes in loadupon muscles.

Nurological Physiotherapy (19 decks)

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