Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MCO - Biology > L32-43 Test 4 > Flashcards

L32-43 Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What two capacities are needed for a multi cellular organism to function?

A

Structural integrity + receive and respond to stimuli = functional units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do organisms start of simple and become complex?

A

Gene expression of 4 processes; cell proliferation, specialisation, interactions between cells, movement and migration of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Proteins important for multicellular development:

A

Cell adhesion and signalling transmembrane proteins;
Gene regulatory proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of cell anchoring junctions

A

Cell - cell =adherents (actin and cadherin proteins) and desmosome ( intermediate and cadherin proteins)
Cell - matrix = actin linked ( actin and integrin proteins) and hemidosomes ( intermediate and integrin proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What different dna regulators lead to variation of body plan/ shape / structure

A

Regulatory proteins - Transcription factors
Non coding regulatory dna - enhancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can mutations and developmental errors be useful?

A

Helps identify pivotal genes and protein production
Large scale screening using mutagenesis and knockout studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do differences in protein expression and cell-cell communication manifest into anatomical changes?

A

—

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

List the germ layers of a fertilised egg

A

Ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is a cells fate decided?

A

As the 3 regions develop they are more committed to their fate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the two stages of commitment

A

1- specification - cultured in a neutral environment & differentiate according to its fate. But dif environment = change in fate
2- determination - differentiate according to shape in different environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is meant by ‘regionally determined’

A

Undifferentiated tissue is determined as ‘leg tissue’ but not a specific part - not fully committed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define induction

A

One group of cells influence the developmental fate of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is inductive interaction

A

It determines a pattern formation ie what drives cells with the same potential to follow a different path of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main influence on a cells behaviour?

A

Environment- determines gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What determines cell fate?

A

Asymetric division
+(inductive interactions and inductive signals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HOX genes function

A

Regulate body plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the wuschel gene do?

A

maintains meristem in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what hormone classes are there in plants?

A

Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid, Ethylene, Bassionsteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

three phases of plant morphogenesis:

A

cell differentiation, cell growth, cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what two things determine the flowering of a plant?

A

the environment and specialised growth and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is whorl in plants?

A

different layers of meristem; sepal, petal, stamen, carpel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what controls the pattern of whorl?

A

selector genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tissues are composed of what cells?

A

cells that have common embryonic origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is histology the study of?

A

tissues ( preparation, sectioning, staining, and imaging)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what lines all internal surfaces?
epithelia cells
26
do epithelia cells have a top and bottom?
yes, they are polarised and have closely associated junctions separated by very little intercellular space
27
what comprises the ECM
Basel lamina and reticular lamina
28
list the function of the epithelia tissue
protect, selective barriers, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion
29
name the epithelial tissue cell shapes
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, NB
30
name the epithelial tissue cell layers
simple, pseudostratified, stratified
31
connective tissue main elements
extracellular matrix, cells
32
what do all forms of CT (connective tissue) have?
undifferentiated progenitor cells
33
what are connective tissue derived from?
embryonic mesenchymal cells
34
what are connective tissue derived from?
embryonic mesenchymal cells
35
what makes p muscle tissue
myocyes
36
what are muscle tissues involved in?
generating force - but they have differing characteristics
37
what are the properties of skeletal muscle?
long cylindrical fibres, range from a few cm to 30 cm , striated , developed from the fusion of 100s of myoblasts, innervated by somatic motor neurones , close to capillary
38
name the characteristics of smooth muscle cells:
short, central oval nucleus, not striated, large stretch and coil capacity, slower and longer lasting contraction some are autorhythmic - myogenic , two types
39
what are the two type of smooth muscle cells
visceral and multiunit
40
how are neighbouring cardiac muscle fibres connected?
by intercalated discs via desmosomes
41
many -- are present to allow the myocardium to contract as one coordinated unit
gap junctions
42
what does myogenic mean?
signal comes from within the heart to contract
43
what cell groups are autorythmic in cardiac cells?
pacemaker(san)- under autonomic regulation conduction system (AVN, bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibres)
44
what are the two nervous tissue categories?
central nervous system - brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system
45
stem cells are:
rare cell types, in a specific niche, that can renew themselves over the lifetime of the organ and produce daughter cells
46
what is the difference between embryonic SC and adult SC?
embryonic alter the gene expression, adult maintains the SC properties
47
what are the two essential properties of stem cells?
self renewal and potency
48
types of stem cells
totipotent, pluripotent, oligopotent, unipotent
49
do all Basel keratinocytes have potential?
no
50
what is layer out during embryonic growth with short range signals?
the pattern of organ growth and size
51
where can stem cells be found?
Basel layer, tips of basal papillae
52
what there fundamental processes determine organ size?
cell division cell growth cell death these all are part of intercellular programme and extracellular signal molecules that determine mitogens, growth factors, survival factors
53
when does the vascular process start and what is the next stage?
early embryonic endothelial cell with vasculogenesis and then branches to form angiogenesis
54
steps are for which process? Basel lamina breaks down -> endothelial cell migrate into internal space -> endothelia cells proliferate -> development of lumen -> vessel is stabilised by pericyte recruitment
angiogenesis
55
what does vascular endothelial growth factor trigger?
angiogenesis
56
what does Notch signalling do?
controls which cells become tip/stalk
57
comapre phototrophic and auxotrophic bacteria
phototrophic is wild type and does not need a special nutritional factor, Auxotrohic has been impaired and can't grow in a media without x
58
what are biosynthetic auxotrophs?
require additional nutrients - effect ability to synthesise AA /nucleotide/vitamine
59
what are catabolic auxotrophs?
lost ability to catabolise carbon source
60
what are some housekeeping genes of E. coli?
DNA replication, transcription and translation, cell division, glycolysis
61
compare ts and cs mutants
ts = temperature sensitive cs = cold sensitive
62
what are some examples of mutagens?
chemical or physical agents; nitrous acid, reactive oxygen species, alkylating agents, intercalating agents, uv light.
63
what's the difference between DNA transitions vs transversions?
cytosine (pyrimidine) -> guanine (purine) = transversion adenine (purine) -> guanine (purine) = transitions
64
what could cause mismatched base pairs?
error in replication, tautamerisation or damage such as deamination
65
what is an example of a mismatched base pair?
hypoxanthine (from deamination of adenine )
66
what are the consequences of point mutations?
some are lethal --> not inherited some have no effect genes under control of promoter - can effect sequence or regulation of translation promotor- can effect transcription (but may have no consequence) non coding - no consequence or effect on promoter or regulatory sequences
67
3 types of mutations?
silent, missense, nonsence
68
what is a frameshift mutation?
an insertion or deletion of a nucleotide
69
missence vs nonsence vs frameshift?
missence = protein may have genotypic of phenotypic change nonsence and frameshift = usually detrimental with both genotypic and phenotypic changed
70
deletions?
remove kilobases and lose several genes / single base pair -- framshift mutation - coding or regulation effected
71
inversion?
flip of kilo base and several genes or be much shorter - can disrupt but could just invert
72
consequences of tandem repeats?
overproduction of proteins / evolution of proteins
73
transposons ?
nucleotide sequence that moves its self around - can disrupt genes
74
compare reversion and suppression mutations:
1 - change back into original sequence , 2- second mutation that results in original phenotype
75
intergenic suppression?
2nd mutation in Dif gene - surpasses phenotype = nonsence suppression
76
what is nonsence suppression?
trna mutation reads past the substitution DNA mutation
77
why are strains with nonsence suppressors sick?
ignore / suppress stop codon = long proteins - incorrect folding
78
what is phenotype lag?
phenotype not seen for several generations- eg tonB - mutation = no more made but there are copies still present
79
what is cross feeding?
block in metabolic pathway - metabolites move between bac = dependent on each other
80
Ames test is a biological asset
use his auxotroph bacteria -> plate one with chemical one withought --> measure reversions to see if chemical is mutagenic
81
what is an operon?
a group of genes under the control of the same promotor = genes can be regulated together
82
what are housekeeping genes?
active all the time eg replication and translation
83
diauxic growth
used consecutively not simultaneously
84
lac operon
normally off induced by allolactose (bound to repressor = on)
85
transduction meaning
genetic exchange mediated by bacteriophages
86
T2 phage:
single or double stranded DNA or RNA, genome varies, circular or linear
87
what influences phage ecology?
characteristics of host, population dynamics, long term evolution
88
explain the mechanism for competence
ComX recreated - > ComP (receptor) sets off reaction of events = gene expression therefore competence
89
name the pheromones released for the mechanism for competence
ComX and CSF (ComP = receptor)
90
types of phage and their characteristics:
T2 - double stranded genome of 160 KBP - kills E. coli(lytic) Labda phage - double stranded linear 48KBP -- interacts with Ecoli, infection lytic or lysogenic
91
restrictive modification system :
enzymatic cleavage of phage DNA - enzyme = restriction host DNA - modified by methylation = not effected Restriction enzymes- bac and archer --> defence
92
Lysogenic cycle
attachment - incorporation into genome- passed on
93
lysogen and prophage?
lysogen= strain of bac carrying lysogenic phage prophage = phage in lysogenic state
94
how do plasmids copy?
Rolling Circular replication --> nick -> 3' acts as primer -> old strand now ssDNA --> enters new bacteria --> circularised and ligated --> replication initiated at single stranded origin of replication --> RNA primers starts DNA polymerase off --> ligate - 2 plasmids
95
Her strain?
integrated into genome f plasmid is transferred
96
why do u want to clone ad/or express a gene?
determine nucleotide sequence analyse its control sequence identify mutations investigate the structure and function of the encoded protein produce large amounts of encoded protein make "tagged" versions of the product for ease of purification investigate the intracellular targeting of the gene product

MCO - Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions