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MCO - Biology > slides 8-13 - physiology > Flashcards

slides 8-13 - physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are enzymatic cofactors and coenzymes?

A

a non protein substance required for catalytic activity of some enzymes

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2
Q

examples of cofactors or coenzymes

A

Mg2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ . . . and
NAD+, FAD

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3
Q

study of metab. in vitro advantages and disadvantages:

A

isolated , defined and modifiable conditions, quantative results

loss of compartmentation
- doesn’t reflect the actual cell (eg running out of Pi

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4
Q

study of metab. in vivo advantages and disadvantages:

A

in cell - realistic

hard to quantify (many variables)

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5
Q

why do we need metabolic pathways?

A

multistep pathway that allows control

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6
Q

what is a metabolic crossroad?

A

most pathways lead to the same common intermediates eg (Glucose - 6 - P)

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7
Q

what are some key cofactor carriers?

A

ATP, NAD+, FAD, NADPH , CoA

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8
Q

outline the two stages of glycolysis:

A

invstment and pay out
uses: 2 ATP
then produces: 4 ATP & 2 NADH
NET=2ATP

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9
Q

What happens if cofactors run out?

A

glycolysis stops

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10
Q

outline how NAD+ is regenerated in aerobic vs anaerobic:

A

pyruvate is oxidised and NADH gives e- to O2 forming H2O and NAD+

anaerobic : Glucose oxides to pyruvate and Pyruvate is reduced to ethanol or lactic acid

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11
Q

what makes glycolysis central to carbohydrate breakdown?

A

it is the original way of making energy and leads to many other pathways essential for modern organisms

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12
Q

outline the main stages of control and why of glycolysis:

A

1 stage –> not main regulation step as glucose is needed in other pathways

3 stage : main regulatory point

10 step : not main but needed as metabolic branch point.

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13
Q

name the enzymes in the control stages:

A

Hexokinase - feedback inhibition
Phosphofructo Kinase - energy levels (AMP/ATP) + Metabolic intermediates

Pyruvate Kinase - feed forward activation

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14
Q

what happens when there is a high level vs low level of ATP in glycolysis?

A

high = PFK inactivated
Low = PFK activated

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15
Q

liver control in glycolysis?

A

yes - liver regulates blood glucose
Fructose - 2, 6-P increases when blood glucose is high
makes a feed forward and reduces inhibition by ATP

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16
Q

sources for metabolism:

A

Galactose, Fructose

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17
Q

Outline gluconeogenesis:

A

pyruvate –> glucose
liver and kidney
uses: ATP and GTP
shares steps with glycolysis but not all because it is Anabolic pathway

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18
Q

what is generated from the hydrolysis of fructose -1, 6 bisP and glucose - 6- Pi?

A

not ATP (not regenerated) –> futile cycle
therefore tight regulation occurs –> PFK and Fructose -1, 6- bisphosphatase = oppositely regulates

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19
Q

what are the starting materials for gluconogenesis?

A

Lactate , amino acids, and glycerol –> pyruvate oxaloacitate dihydroxyacetone

– triacylglycerides (fat) –> glycerol but only one not considered a source

20
Q

what is the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

converts glucose to pentoses releasing NADPH
also produces ribose - 5 P

21
Q

key stages of PPP:

A

oxidative stage (2 NADPH) and non oxidative stage( ribose -5-P+ glycolytic intermediates)

22
Q

how is PPP controlled?

A

by NADP+ availability (the substrate)

23
Q

steps for PPP:

A

step 1 : glucose 6 P
step 2 :gluconolactonase
step 3 : 6-P gluconate DH

24
Q

what kind of pathway is the PPP?

A

cyclic - completely oxidises glucose to CO2

25
Q

how many different modes does the PPP cycle have?

A
  1. No NADPH (ribose)
  2. (NADPH + ribose)
  3. NO Ribose (NADPH)
    4 NADPH and ATP
26
Q

what is the ^G of glucose –> co2 and h20?

A

-2.9x10^3

27
Q

what was the sparker effect?

A

the effect is that of an organic acid on the use of O2. the more O2, the more

28
Q

inhibitors of the Krebs cycle?

A

malonate (competitive)

29
Q

conversion of pyruvate to acetal CoA steps

A

irreversible
pyruvate + coenzyme a + NAD+

30
Q

what are the components of the pyruvatedehydrogenase complex and function

A

E1, decarboxylates pyruvate
E2, transfers to CoA
E3, regenerates lipoamide

31
Q

what are multi enzyme complexes?

A

non covalent bonded enzymes that catalyse 2+ sequential steps

32
Q

citric acid cycle regulation points:

A
  1. pyruvate to acetal Coa
  2. acetal Coa to citrate
  3. isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate
  4. alpha ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
33
Q

what reaction occurs to replenish oxaloacitate if it is pulled out of citric acid cycle?

A

carboxylation of pyruvate

34
Q

explain the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation:

A

free energy release

35
Q

role of the complex 1, 3, and 4

A

1, 2 ,3 4 complexes and function of each should be on paper

36
Q

proton motive force:

A

delta p –> each proton moving back = -22kj/mol
3 H+ are needed for 1 ATP

37
Q

what does complex V do and why is it coupled?

A

F0 = proton pump
F1 = ATP synthesis (condensation?)
not coupled= F0 pumps H+ but does not make ATP and if just F1, it hydrolyses ATP

38
Q

how does ATP synthase work?

A

F0 rotates, Y rotates ADP and P are trapped and T site

39
Q

what are the components of beta

A

O: binds and release of ADP and P
Y rotates
L: ADP and P bound
y rotates
T: ATP formed
y rotates
O: atp leaves

40
Q

what moves the electrons from NADH into the mitochondria from glycolysis?

A

glycerol phosphate shuttle = carried by FADH2 into complex 2 therefore only 6 H+ pumped total
malate shuttle =complex and goes to complex 1

41
Q

how are the nucleotide carriers used? / how does the ADP and P end up in the matrix where they are needed?

A

P-OH antiporter
ATP-ADP antiporter

42
Q

equation to calculate the energy of a photon?

A

e=HC/lamda

43
Q

what was the hill reaction?

A

isolated chloroplast was illuminated - primary event in photosynthesis occurred

44
Q

explain the light harvesting complex:

A

photons hit chlorophylls and auxiliary pigments
electron gets excited
transfered to reaction centre

45
Q

explain the reaction centre:

A

photons end up at reaction centre chlorophylls
energy used for charge separation
the resulting e- can be given to other molecules

46
Q

how is light energy converted?

A

by photosystem 1 and 2

MCO - Biology (5 decks)

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