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CM - Control > L5 - Forebrain and ventricles > Flashcards

L5 - Forebrain and ventricles Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the forebrain?

A

diencephalon cerebral hemispheres (all structures that are rostral to the midbrain and derived from the prosencephalon)

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2
Q

what is the forebrain responsible for?

A

“higher level processing” of information - Perception, - analysis, - interpretation, - integration, - storage, - planning

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3
Q

what feature of the cerebral hemispheres allows them to carry out higher level processing?

A

(sulci/gyri) creates a massive surface area which contains cortex & cell bodies, allowing this higher level processing.

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4
Q

describe the embryology of the forebrain.

A

Prosencephalon → Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and Diencephalon

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5
Q

what structures are within the diencephalon?

A

thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus subthalamus

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6
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

“receptionist of the brain” - relay nuclei and send fibres to cerebral cortex - sensory processing (except olfaction) - motor processing through connections with the basal ganglia and cerebellum

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7
Q

what separates the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

anterior commissure

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8
Q

what part of the hypothalamus can only be seen from a ventral view?

A

mammillary body pituitary stalk

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9
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

autonomic and neuroendocrine functions - regulate the release or hormones (e.g. melatonin at night to regulate sleep pattern) - homeostasis e.g. body temperature

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10
Q

what is the function of the subthalamus?

A

voluntary motor control

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11
Q

the pineal gland can be found in which bit of the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus

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12
Q

what is the function of the Epithalamus?

A

Secretes melatonin [depending on the UV light received] [senses day light and responsible for controlling circadian rhythm]

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13
Q

what is meant by a circadian rhythm?

A

A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24 hour cycle

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14
Q

why does a pineal gland look bright white on a CT scan?

A

It calcifies with age so it looks bright white in CT scan

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15
Q

in embryology of the forebrain, the lamina terminalis becomes what?

A
  • corpus callosum - anterior commissure
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16
Q

the brain adopts what characteristic shape as a result of embryo development?

A

C-shape

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17
Q

when looking at the lateral surface of the brain which structures are visible?

A

visible: Cerebellum, medulla and spinal cord not visible: Diencephalon, midbrain and pons

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18
Q

Gyri within the ipsilateral hemispheres communicate via what?

A

association fibres

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19
Q

In total, there are 3 classes of nerve fibre in the white matter of the hemispheres, what are they?

A
  1. association fibres 2. commisural fibres 3. projection fibres
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20
Q

what are association fibres?

A

white matter nerve fibres that interconnect areas within a hemisphere and adjacent gyri within a hemisphere

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21
Q

what are commissural fibres? give examples.

A

white matter nerve fibres that Link between hemisphere [crosses the midline] e.g. - corpus callosum - anterior commissure

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22
Q

where do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure originate from?

A

lamina terminalis

23
Q

what is the anterior commissure also known as?

A

rostral commissure

24
Q

what is referred to as “great cerebral commissure”?

A

corpus callosum

25
Q

what are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?

A

rostrum genu body splenium

26
Q

what white matter nerve fibres are found deep into the cerebral hemispheres?

A

projection fibres

27
Q

what is the function of the white matter projection fibres?

A

interconnect cerebrum with the rest of the CNS

28
Q

what is the internal capsule?

A

The internal capsule is a white matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere

29
Q

what is the function of the internal capsule?

A

Takes fibres to and from the thalamus and from the motor cortex down to the brainstem

30
Q

what is the blood supply of the internal capsule?

A

middle cerebral artery

31
Q

the internal capsules is an example of what type of white matter nerve fibres?

A

projection fibres

32
Q

the corpus callosum is an example of what type of white matter nerve fibres?

A

commissural fibers

33
Q

what group of nuclei make up the basal ganglia? (deep grey matter)

A
  • caudate nucleus - lentiform nucleus
34
Q

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

A
  • voluntary movement control
35
Q

where will you find the 4 ventricles of the brain?

A
  • 2 x lateral: 1 within each cerebral hemispheres - 3rd: between thalamus - 4th: between pons and cerebellum
36
Q

how do the lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle?

A

intraventricuar foreman

37
Q

how does the 3rd ventricle communicate with the 4th ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct

38
Q

what do the ventricles contain?

A

choroid plexus which produces CSF

39
Q

how does CSF leave the ventricles to access the subarachnoid space?

A

Series of apertures allow CSF to escape ventricular system

40
Q

how can CSF return to the ventricles once in the subarachnoid space?

A

[Can pass back the superior sagittal sinus to be returned]

41
Q

the intraventricular foremen connects which ventricles?

A

connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle

42
Q

what is the Intra-thalamic adhesion?

A

a hole within the centre ventricular system that allows a flattened band of tissue to pass through that connects both parts of the thalamus at their medial surfaces.

43
Q

the cerebral aqueduct connects which ventricles?

A

t connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

44
Q

where will you find the 3rd ventricle?

A

between the two thalami

45
Q

where will you find the 4th ventricle?

A

between pons and cerebellum

46
Q

describe the circulation route of the CSF

A

lateral ventricles CP -> 3rd ventricle via formina Monroe 3rd ventricle -> 4th ventricle via C. aq. 4th ventricle ->brainstem via foramen of magendie brainstem -> subarachnoid space via central canal reabsorbed into venous sinuses

47
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

specialised areas lining the ventricles – Choroid plexus (all ventricles have CP)

48
Q

how much CSF is produced a day?

A

About 500ml/day.

49
Q

what are the specialised epithelial cells found in a choroid plexus?

A

ependyma cells (produce and exchange CSF for blood)

50
Q

what is the function of the CSF?

A

buoyancy to reduce traction cushioning/shock absorber medium to transport waste and nutrients

51
Q

what condition occurs when CSF circulation is blocked and CSF accumulates upstream of the blockage?

A

hydrocephalus

52
Q

all ventricles have a choroid plexus to produce CSF, but which ventricle produces the majority of the CSF?

A

lateral ventricle

53
Q

An enlarged head is a characteristic feature of hydrocephalus, how does this happen?

A
  • CSF does not stop being produced, but can not escape arachnoid space so builds up in the sinuses - Accumulation in the lateral ventricles pushes brain tissue and cerebral hemispheres out, leading to hydrocephalus. - As the bony plates (anterior fontanel) of the skull are not fused in infants, they are soft enough to expand out
54
Q

CSF is recycled into the venous system via the dural sinuses – predominantly by which sinus?

A

superior sagittal sinus

CM - Control (20 decks)

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