L5:Population Dynamics

Question 1

A group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area
Can be described through its characteristics such as:

Answer 1

Density (Number/area)
Distribution/Dispersion
Numbers (size)
Age Structure

Question 2

Pertains that population’s growth depends on the resources of the environment

Answer 2

Limits to Growth

Question 3

Focuses on the study of populations of organisms within a particular species and their interactions with the environment.

Answer 3

POPULATION ECOLOGY

Question 4

It involves the examination of factors such as population size, population density, population growth rates, distribution patterns, and the factors that influence these parameters.

Answer 4

POPULATION ECOLOGY

Question 5

The study of the size and distribution of biodiversity over space and time

Answer 5

BIOGEOGRAPHY

Question 6

Aims to reveal where organisms live, and at what abundance

Answer 6

BIOGEOGRAPHY

Question 7

The study of the vital statistics that affect population size

Answer 7

DEMOGRAPHY

Question 8

Birth (Natality), Death (Mortality), Immigration, Emigration

Answer 8

DEMOGRAPHY

Question 9

These 4 processes collectively determine the population’s growth or decline.
__
__
__
__

Answer 9

Birth (Natality)
Death (Mortality)
Immigration
Emigration

Question 10

processes collectively determine the population’ size:

Number of individuals added through reproduction

Answer 10

NATALITY

Question 11

processes collectively determine the population’ size:

Number of individuals removed through death

Answer 11

MORTALITY

Question 12

In Natality:

births per 1000 refers to?

Answer 12

Crude Birth Rate

Question 13

In Natality:

Average number of children born alive per woman in her lifetime refers to?

Answer 13

Total Fertility Rate

Question 14

In Mortality:

Crude Death Rate refers to?

Answer 14

deaths per 1000

Question 15

Refers to Average number of children born alive per woman in her lifetime

Answer 15

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

Question 16

Number of individuals in a specific area (or volume) of habitat (i.e. individuals/ km2; individuals/ mL)

Answer 16

DENSITY

Question 17

Dependent on distribution and dispersal patterns

Answer 17

DENSITY

Question 18

In Density,

It refers to (no further classifications, i.e., no idea how many males or females; no info on how many are in the pre-reproductive category, etc.) – information is more useful if combined with distribution data

-total number of individuals or biomass per unit of the total space

Answer 18

Crude density

Question 19

What are the three patterns of distribution in populations of organisms:

Answer 19

uniform
random
clumped

Question 20

Distribution Pattern:

Not as common
May happen when there is competition
Resources are scarce

Answer 20

UNIFORM

Question 21

Distribution Pattern:

Quite rare
Hard to determine as truly random or clumpy
Less competition due to availability of resources

Answer 21

RANDOM

Question 22

Distribution Pattern:

Most common type
More individuals will be present in areas that are favorable to them
Resources are clumped

Answer 22

Clumped

Question 23

Distribution Pattern:

Territorial birds, such as penguins, tend to have __ distribution.

Answer 23

uniform

Question 24

Distribution Pattern:

Plants with wind-dispersed seeds, such as dandelions __ distribution.

Answer 24

Random

Question 25

Distribution Pattern: Animals, such as elephants, that travel in groups exhibit tend to have __ distribution.

Answer 25

clumped

Question 26

___ & ___ are useful measures for characterizing populations. Scientists gain additional insight into a species’ biology and ecology from studying how individuals are spatially distributed

Answer 26

Density and size

Question 27

There are __ kinds of Factors affecting distribution. They are: ____

Answer 27

2; Density Dependent Density Independent

Question 28

Kind of Factor Affecting Distribution: limiting factors become more intense as population size increases; usually biological in nature

Answer 28

Density dependent

Question 29

Kind of Factor Affecting Distribution: factors unaffected by population density; usually physical in nature

Answer 29

Density independent

Question 30

Competition for Resources Predation Parasitism Infectious Disease are example of _____ factor affecting density distribution.

Answer 30

Density dependent

Question 31

Floods Hurricanes Unseasonable weather Fire Clear-cutting Pesticide spraying are example of _____ factor affecting density distribution.

Answer 31

Density Independent

Question 32

Give the formula of population Change:

Answer 32

POPULATION CHANGE = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration) Note: Rule of 70: To calculate the doubling time for a population in years, divide 70 by the percent growth rate ®

Question 33

Population Size: Populations ____through births (B) and immigration (I) Populations ____through deaths (D) and emigration (E)

Answer 33

Increase Decrease

Question 34

Divides population into age categories or ecological age groups

Answer 34

Population Age Structure

Question 35

In population age structure, _____ add individuals only to the base of the pyramid, and ____ only removes individuals from the population at all ages after birth.

Answer 35

births; death

Question 36

What limits population growth? Resources competitors in terms of: ___ ___ ___ ___

Answer 36

Biotic potential (r) Environmental resistance Ecosystem carrying capacity (K) Rate of increase

Question 37

Biotic potential refers to?

Answer 37

Ability of population to increase under ideal environment. As with other organisms, this is and always has been a survival strategy against food deprivation, predation, and parasitism

Question 38

Rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources Maximum rate of increase per individual under conditions with no environmental pressures to the population

Answer 38

Biotic Potential (r)

Question 39

In nature, ___is rarely reached

Answer 39

biotic potential

Question 40

The following contributes to _____ -lack of food or nutrients -lack of water -lack of suitable habitat -adverse weather habitat -predator -disease -parasites -competitors

Answer 40

Environmental Resistance

Question 41

The following contributes to _____ -reproductive rate -ability to migrate or disperse -ability to invade new habitats -defense mechanism -ability to cope with adverse conditions

Answer 41

Biotic Potential

Question 42

maximum number of individuals that can be sustained in a particular habitat

Answer 42

Carrying Capacity (K)

Question 43

Determined by limiting factors which affect the amount of resources available

Answer 43

Carrying Capacity (K)

Question 44

occurs when population size is limited by carrying capacity striving for dynamic equilibrium deals with density dependent controls

Answer 44

Logistic growth

Question 45

population expands by increasing increments the more individuals there are to reproduce overshoot is usually followed by a crash dramatic increase in deaths

Answer 45

Exponential growth

Question 46

striving for dynamic equilibrium and deals with density dependent controls

Answer 46

OVERSHOOTING CAPACITY

Question 47

overshoot is usually followed by a __. A dramatic increase in deaths.

Answer 47

crash

Question 48

This can happen due to various factors such as rapid reproduction, immigration, or the availability of abundant resources. As a result, the population may experience a period of rapid growth and expansion.

Answer 48

OVERSHOOTING CAPACITY

Question 49

In overshooting capacity, because the environment has finite resources, this period of rapid growth is often followed by a __ in population as resources become___. It can occur due to increased competition for resources, environmental degradation, disease, or other factors that limit population growth.

Answer 49

decline; scarce

Question 50

Patterns of timing of reproduction and survivorship Can be summarized in __

Answer 50

SURVIVORSHIP CURVES

Question 51

There are three main types of survivorship curves namely ___,___,___

Answer 51

Type I – late loss Type II – constant loss Type III – early loss

Question 52

-Rectangular survivorship on semilogarithmic plot: little mortality until old age, then fairly steep mortality -Typical for top consumers (i.e., large mammals, humans), many annual plants -Some very small organisms (i.e., predatory protozoa and rotifers

Answer 52

TYPE I (Late Loss)

Question 53

-Diagonal line: relatively constant death rates with age -The probability of death of organism is generally unrelated to age -E.g., birds – die from accidents, poisoning, and other factors

Answer 53

TYPE II (Constant Loss)

Question 54

- Inverse hyperbolic: extremely steep juvenile mortality, then relatively high survivorship afterward i.e., organisms at the base of the food chain i.e., many plant & tree species, fish, marine invertebrates & most insects

Answer 54

TYPE III (Early Loss)

Question 55

What are the reasons for die-back?

Answer 55

Catastrophic Loss of Resources Introduction of New Predator Disease

Question 56

condition observed in plants where sections of a plant, or sometimes the entire plant, experience a progressive decline in health and vigor, leading to the death of branches, shoots, or even the entire plant over time.

Answer 56

Die-back