L6 & 7 - Modelling in the Marine Environment Flashcards

(27 cards)

1
Q

What is short-term modelling used for?

A

Forecasting

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2
Q

What is long-term modelling used for?

A

Identifying trends/comparing to a known state

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3
Q

Give 7 reasons why we should model the marine environment

A
  1. Climate Change
  2. Coastal Management
  3. Aviation
  4. SOLAS & GMDSS
  5. National Weather Services
  6. Accident Investigation
  7. Industry Specific Decision Making
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4
Q

What are the 4 types of modelling?

A
  1. Analysis
  2. Empirical Forecasting (Conceputal Modelling)
  3. Numerical Modelling
  4. Global/Regional Models
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5
Q

What does analysis do?

A

Look at the state of the atmosphere or ocean at a given time

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6
Q

What type of data does short-term and long-term analysis use?

A

Short-Term: Real-Time Data

Long-Term: Climate Means/Fluxes/Anomalies

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7
Q

What does analysis provide?

A

The initialising/forcing fields for modelling and data that can be used for model verification/QC

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8
Q

What comes after analysis?

A

Empirical Forecasting

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9
Q

What is empirical modelling based on (With 2 examples)?

A

Known models of the atmosphere

e.g. Mid-Latitude Depressions and Jet Streams

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10
Q

What 2 types of meteorology can be used in empirical forecasting?

A
  1. Synoptic

2. Air Mass

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11
Q

What does empirical forecasting give a concept for?

A

Nowcasting and Short-Term Forecasting

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12
Q

What are the 6 types of Numerical Modelling

A
  1. Diagnostic Equations
  2. Paramterisation
  3. Data Assimilation
  4. Model Run
  5. Ensembles
  6. Ocean Forecasting
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13
Q

Give 5 points about diagnostic equations

A
  1. No complete Solution
  2. Solved for a parameter with respect to time
  3. Solved at grid points across the globe
  4. Billions of calculations
  5. Need Paramterisation
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14
Q

Give 6 examples of diagnostic equations

A
  1. Hydrostatic Equation
  2. Thermodynamic Equation
  3. Equations of State
  4. Continuity Equation
  5. Water Vapour Equations
  6. Newtons Laws
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15
Q

What is Paramterisation?

A

Some models use constant values for heat exchange between the ocean and atmosphere

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16
Q

Give 5 examples of/applications of Paramterisation

A
  1. Convection/Precipitation
  2. Gravity Wave Drag
  3. Orographic Drag
  4. Suface and Sub-Surface Processes
  5. Large Scale Cloud/Precipitation
17
Q

What is data assimilation?

A

The combination of available data and very short term forecasts to get a best fit between models and observations and is then used as the initialising data for model runs

18
Q

What is a model run?

A

Calculations made at grid points using parameters and fixed variables to get steps in time to a valid forecast

19
Q

What are model runs good for?

A

Wind Speed/Direction, Temperature and Humidity

20
Q

What is ECMWF?

A

EU Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting

21
Q

What is WAFC? and where are the 2 main centres?

A

World Area Forecast Centres

London and Washington

22
Q

What was the original requirement for ocean forecasting and what is the requirement today?

A

Military

Today - Climate Change and El Niño

23
Q

What is FOAM?

A

Forecast Ocean Assimilation Model

24
Q

Give 5 research applications of modelling

A
  1. Eddy Resolving
  2. Severe Storms
  3. Post Event Analysis
  4. Pollution
  5. Impacts on Larger Scale Models
25
Give 3 examples of climate models
1. CO2 Fluxes 2. Ocean Circulation 3. Heat Fluxes
26
What are decadal models used for?
Oscillations and El Niño
27
Give 5 issues associated with modelling
1. Physics of the Models 2. Incomplete Knowledge of the Systems 3. Varying accuracies required 4. Quantity and Quality of Initialising Data Sets 5. Planners need answers on a long-term timeframe