L6: Extra reading Flashcards
(4 cards)
when explaining the big 5
The FFM traces its roots to the lexical paradigm, which rests on the compelling premise that what is of most importance, interest or meaning to persons when describing themselves and others will be encoded within the language. Fundamental domains of personality emerge as persons develop more and more words to describe the gradations, variations and nuances of a respective domain. The natural, inherent structure of personality is provided by the empirical relationship among the trait terms, and the structure of the English language has converged well onto the “Big Five”. The Big Five have also been replicated within the German, Czech, Dutch, Filipino, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Polish, Russian, Spanish and Turkish languages, albeit the replication of neuroticism and openness is not as strong as the replication of the domains of agreeableness, extraversion and conscientiousness1. (Widiger and Crego, 2019)
the big 5 link to DSM
Given that the Big Five account for virtually every trait term within the language, it is not surprising that the FFM accounts for every maladaptive personality trait, including those that define the personality disorder syndromes of the ICD and the DSM1. The dimensional trait models included within the DSM‐5 Section III and the ICD‐11 are aligned explicitly with the FFM. The FFM also provides the temperament base and personality foundation for the widely cited Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology4, a dimensional structural model that covers much of all forms of psychopathology.
(Widiger and Crego, 2019)
HEXACO
The HEXACO is a six-factor model of personality developed by applying the lexical approach to several languages around the world
(Ashton et al., 2004; Ashton & Lee, 2001, 2005, 2007). Cross-cultural
research showed the consistent emergence of a sixth personality factor
called Honesty-Humility, which taps into individual differences in
fairness and modesty (Ashton et al., 2004; Ashton & Lee, 2005, 2007).
The underlying meaning of some of the factors (agreeableness and
emotionality) also differs slightly from the Big 5 model (Ashton & Lee,
2007; see Ashton & Lee, 2008a; Ashton, Lee, & De Vries, 2014). The
HEXACO six factors are Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience (Ashton
et al., 2004; Ashton & Lee, 2007). Measures to assess this six-factor
HEXACO personality model were also constructed (Ashton & Lee, 2009;
Lee & Ashton, 2018).
The HEXACO and Big 5 models show generally large correlations
between corresponding dimensions (e.g., Big 5 openness with HEXACO
openness), and a significant positive relationship between Big 5
agreeableness and Honesty-Humility (Ashton, Lee, Visser, & Pozzebon,
2008; Gaughan, Miller, & Lynam, 2012). Gaughan et al. (2012) showed
correlations ranging from .52 to .87 between HEXACO and Big 5 dimensions tapping similar constructs, and a correlation of .67 between
Honesty-Humility and agreeableness. This indicates overlap, but it is
also evident there are some differences between the personality models.
The HEXACO has stronger relationships with and demonstrates
predictive power over and above the Big 5 for numerous criterion
variables, including psychopathic traits (Gaughan et al., 2012), egoism
(De Vries, De Vries, De Hoogh, & Feij, 2009), risk-taking (Ashton, Lee,
Pozzebon, Visser, & Worth, 2010), desire to have power (Lee et al.,
2013), phobic tendencies (Ashton et al., 2008), and materialism, delinquency, and unethical business decision (Ashton & Lee, 2008b). This
last study by Ashton and Lee (2008b) had an interesting additional
feature to it where they administered the HEXACO and also created
what they referred to as a “proxy Honesty-Humility factor” based on
items forming the Straightforwardness and Modesty Facets from the Big
5 model Agreeableness factor. Adding the proxy honesty-humility
factor yielded correlations with the criterion variables comparable to
those of the HEXACO in some cases, but the HEXACO was still the
better predictor for other variables such as materialism and delinquency (Ashton & Lee, 2008b). T Anita Fehera,⁎, Philip A. Vernon
the psychobiological model
The psychobiological model of personality, developed by Cloninger (1986, 1987, 1994), integrates biological, developmental, and psychological perspectives to explain individual differences in personality. This model is composed of seven dimensions: four temperaments—novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence—which are heritable and linked to procedural learning and emotional reactivity; and three character traits—self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence—which reflect individual differences in self-concept and goals. These components are assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (Cloninger et al., 1993). While distinct from the Big Five model, research shows substantial overlap between the two frameworks, though traits like self-transcendence appear less strongly related to Big Five traits. Importantly, the psychobiological model has shown utility in predicting outcomes such as personality disorders and internet addiction, suggesting it provides unique insights beyond traditional trait models.
