L6 Seeing things: Brain part

Question 1

Seeing requires about ______ of the brain get involved

Answer 1

half

Question 2

You see things _____- it is your _____ which turns the image in the right way

Answer 2

upside down; brain

Question 3

We have two eyeballs which gives us ________ -comparing two images allows us to determine how ____ a object is from us

Answer 3

depth perception; far away

Question 4

______ of our memories are determined by what we see

Answer 4

80%

Question 5

People who are blind can see in their dreams if they are ________

Answer 5

not born blind

Question 6

Everyone has one eye that is slightly _____ than the other

Answer 6

stronger

Question 7

What is the biggest nucleus for visual output?

Answer 7

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Question 8

What does pretectum do?

Answer 8

Reflex control of pupil and lens

Question 9

What does superior colliculus do?

Answer 9

Orient the movements of head and eyes

Question 10

Describe the visual processing pathway

Answer 10

Retina -> Lateral geniculate nucleus -> primary visual cortex

Question 11

The image is ______ when it reaches retina

Answer 11

upside down and right left reversed

Question 12

The optic nerves approach the brain along intercepting paths and meet at the base of the ________ at a crossing point called the ________

Answer 12

diencephalon; optic chiasm

Question 13

What does optic chiasm do?

Answer 13

Directs the nerve fibres to their targets on the same or opposite side of the brain

Question 14

In humans, about __% of the _____ axons in each optic nerves cross over in the chiasm, heading for targets on the opposite side of the brain, and the remaining 40% are directed to brain targets on the _____ side.

Answer 14

60; ganglion cell; same

Question 15

On the brain side of the chiasm the left and right bundles of ganglion cell axons & nerve fibres from both eyes, are called _____

Answer 15

optic tracts

Question 16

Axons in the optic tracts have a number of _____ in the brain, the most important one is _______ in the _______

Answer 16

targets; lateral geniculate nucleus; thalamus

Question 17

________terminating in the LGN form synapses with other neurons and do not progress further into the brain.

Answer 17

Axons of the ganglion cells

Question 18

Neurons that have received visual info from the ganglion cells radiate out of the ____ and go directly to the ____

Answer 18

thalamus; primary visual cortex

Question 19

Primary visual cortex are also referred to as ______ / _______

Answer 19

region V1; striate cortex

Question 20

Contralateral meaning.

Answer 20

on the other side

Question 21

Ipsilateral meaning.

Answer 21

on the same side

Question 22

Visual information about the left side is mapped in the _____ and the ______

Answer 22

right lateral geniculate nuclei; right visual cortex areas

Question 23

The lateral geniculate nucleus is a _____ in the _____ for the visual pathway

Answer 23

relay centre; thalamus

Question 24

How many layers of neurons does LGN have?

Answer 24

6

Question 25

In the LGN, visual inputs from the left and right eyes terminate in different _____ so that the neurons projecting to the cortex are excited by input from either the left or the right eye, but not by _____

Answer 25

layers; both

Question 26

The ______ neurons and the _______ neurons that LGN excite are ________

Answer 26

geniculate; cortical; monocular

Question 27

There are ______ neurons in the cortex that _____ the inputs from the binocular field

Answer 27

binocular; converge

Question 28

Area V1 is about __ thick and covers only few square inches of brain

Answer 28

2mm

Question 29

Which cortex is the first cortex area to receive visual info?

Answer 29

Primary visual cortex/ striate cortex/ V1

Question 30

What is a transformation of the visual image from retina to V1?

Answer 30

Retinotopic map

Question 31

The retinotopic map in V1 is _____ so the central ___ degrees of the visual field occupies roughly ____ of V1. This makes sense because of the _______ in the periphery

Answer 31

distorted; 10; half; poor acuity

Question 32

What is the distortion in retina called?

Answer 32

Cortical magnification

Question 33

For the purpose of ______, neurons in V1 have the smallest _______ of any visual cortex microscopic regions

Answer 33

accurate spatial encoding; receptor field size

Question 34

The surface of V1 is functionally organized in a map of the visual field.

Answer 34

Retinotopic map

Question 35

There are dark and light stripes represent the surface view of the left and right in __________

Answer 35

ocular dominance columns

Question 36

What contains cells with similar selectivity for the orientation of stimuli?

Answer 36

Orientation columns

Question 37

What in V1 represent the colour module of functional organization?

Answer 37

Color blobs

Question 38

Each V1 transmits information to two primary pathways, called the _____ and the ________.

Answer 38

ventral stream; dorsal stream

Question 39

The dorsal stream begins with ____, goes through _____, then go to the _________ (___) and _____(_/_) and to the _________.

Answer 39

V1; V2; dorsomedial area; V6; Visual area MT; middle temporal; V5; posterior parietal cortex

Question 40

Dorsal stream is sometimes called _____ pathway or ____ pathway

Answer 40

where; how

Question 41

Dorsal stream is associated with _______________, especially when visual information is used to _____ or _____

Answer 41

motion, representation of object locations, and control of the eyes and arms; guide saccades; reaching

Question 42

The ventral stream begins with ____, goes through ___, then through _____ and to ______.

Answer 42

V1; V2; V4; inferior temporal cortex

Question 43

The ventral stream, sometimes called the _____ pathway, is associated with ___________ & ___________

Answer 43

what; form recognition and object representation; storage of long-term memory

Question 44

What is the visual fields of both eyes overlap extensively called?

Answer 44

Binocular field

Question 45

Rabbits have large monocular fields that give them a ____ field of view around its head. Enabling it to see _________ from almost any direction

Answer 45

circular; predators approaching

Question 46

Primates have _____ eyes

Answer 46

forward-pointing

Question 47

Depth is a key feature in determining the ____ of an object

Answer 47

shape

Question 48

The perception of depth is the ______ between the two eyes' views of the world, which must be _____ and ______ by the brain.

Answer 48

difference; computed; reconciled

Question 49

The integration of binocular input begins in the _______, the first level at which ______

Answer 49

primary visual cortex; individual neurons receive signal from both eyes

Question 50

Binocular neurons are neurons in the visual system that _________

Answer 50

assist in the creation of stereopsis from binocular disparity

Question 51

Binocular neurons have been found in the ________ where the initial stage of _________ begins

Answer 51

primary visual cortex; binocular convergence

Question 52

How the two eyes create a perception of depth?

Answer 52

Binocular neurons receive inputs from both the right and left eyes and integrate the signals together

Question 53

First binocular neurons found in ____- most layer III neurons are ______ (but not layer __)

Answer 53

V1; binocular; IV

Question 54

Name whether the neurons in the following layers are mono/binocular/both: Layer III Layer IVC Layer VI

Answer 54

Layer III: bino& mono Layer IVC: mono Layer VI: mono

Question 55

Random-dot _____ provide a dramatic demonstration of the global nature of disparity analysis. The image presented to each appears as _____, but when the images are viewed ______ the disparity between array of dots in the two images allows an ______ shape to become visible.

Answer 55

stereograms; noise; binocularly; embedded

Question 56

Retinal neurons also project to the _____, which bilaterally activates ___________ in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus that cause _______ in the ______ reflex

Answer 56

pretectum; parasympathetic preganglionic neurons; pupilary constriction; pupilary light

Question 57

The pretectal areas are interconnected through the __________, and thus the reflex causes both _____ (_____) and _________(____) pupillary constriction when a light is shown in one eye

Answer 57

posterior commissure; ipsilateral; direct; contralateral; consensual

Question 58

The ______ play a critical role in generating orienting eye and head movements to sudden (visual and other sensory) stimuli

Answer 58

superior colliculi

Question 59

Where is superior colliculus located?

Answer 59

In the dorsal midbrain within the tectal plate

Question 60

The deep layers of the colliculi receive _______ and help mediate_______ through their _____ connections to ocular motor systems.

Answer 60

multimodal sensory inputs; saccadic eye movements; efferent

Question 61

What is one of the largest components of the brain?

Answer 61

The tectum (superior colliculus)

Question 62

Our central vision is ______ in the primary visual cortex.

Answer 62

magnified

Question 63

Binocular vision allows us ____

Answer 63

stereopsis