L7 Cell Communication

Question 1

Signal types

Answer 1

contact dependent, synaptic, paracrine, endocrine

Question 2

dpp

Answer 2

ligand

Question 3

Example of contact dependent signalling

Answer 3

membrane bound signalling molecule

Question 4

Paracrine signalling

Answer 4

secreted factor that interacts with extracellular matrix components

Question 5

Endocrine signalling

Answer 5

produced by adrenal glands (mostly), wide range of physiological responses

Question 6

Cell responses to signalling

Answer 6

altered metabolism, altered gene expression, altered cell shape or movement

Question 7

Examples of effector proteins in cell signalling

Answer 7

metabolic enzyme, gene regulatory protein, cytoskeletal protein

Question 8

Example of altered gene expression

Answer 8

expression of iroquois family genes in E12 mouse embryo

Question 9

Example of altered cell shape or movement

Answer 9

human neutrophil chasing signal given off by saphylococcus aureus

Question 10

Example of how cells respond to signal

Answer 10

french flag model

Question 11

bicoid gradient function

Answer 11

defines anterior parts of resulting embryo

Question 12

What do thresholds of signal trigger

Answer 12

on/off gene expression

Question 13

What is the fastest cell response to signalling

Answer 13

changing structure of existing protein

Question 14

What is the slowest cell response to signalling

Answer 14

changing protein levels via gene expression

Question 15

Disease caused by signalling mis-regulation

Answer 15

myeloproliferative neoplasms, chronic myeloid leukaemia

Question 16

Myeloproliferative neoplasm mutation

Answer 16

JAK2 V617F mutation in negative regulatory domain

Question 17

Chronic myeloid leukaemia mutation

Answer 17

BCR-Abl fusion protein

Question 18

BCR-Abl fusion protein effect

Answer 18

sustained Abl tyrosine kinase expression by the Bcr promoter/enhancer region

Question 19

Signalling regulation points

Answer 19

ligand, receptor, transduction of signal, effectors can feedback

Question 20

JAK/STAT pathway regulation

Answer 20

down regulation by SOCS negative regulator

Question 21

Notch pathway regulation

Answer 21

lateral inhibition

Question 22

Post-translational signalling regulation

Answer 22

phosphorylation, GTP binding

Question 23

GEF function

Answer 23

GDP to GTP exchange factor

Question 24

Ras function

Answer 24

growth control

Question 25

Rho function

Answer 25

cytoskeleton

Question 26

rab function

Answer 26

endosomal trafficking

Question 27

Effect of modulating GAP and GEF levels

Answer 27

rapidly change the activity of the small GTPase

Question 28

GAP

Answer 28

GTPase activating protein catalyst

Question 29

Two major groups of protein kinase in eucaryotes

Answer 29

serine/threonine kinase, tyrosine kinases

Question 30

Does protein kinase turn genes ON or OFF

Answer 30

ON

Question 31

Type 1 kinase inhibitors

Answer 31

bind to active conformation of kinase

Question 32

type 2 kinase inhibitors

Answer 32

bind and stabilise the inactive conformation of kinase

Question 33

type 3 kinase inhibitors

Answer 33

occupy allosteric pocket that is adjacent to ATP binding pocket

Question 34

type 4 kinase inhibitors

Answer 34

bind to allosteric pocket remote from ATP binding pocket

Question 35

Key regulator of signalling

Answer 35

phosphatases