L8 Flashcards
(39 cards)
defining feature of major depression
loss of pleasure AKA anhedonia/dysphoria.
chronic vs severe depresion
chronic = persist for at least 2 weeks severe = dramatically impact daily functioning
major depression generally accompanied by?
feelings of guilt and grief
take in factual info but misinterpret to align with depression-related beliefs
delusion of facts
– walk around hospital more than yesterday, improvement! no, they changed the halls, it was only half as much.
symptom of depression - remembering images study
clinical depression vs healthy
depression = remembered negative pics better
healthy = remembered positive pics better
slowing down of physical ability to move
psychomotor retardation
- no energy to move
- sleep disturbance impedes deep sleep = impede restfulness less energy.
atypical depression characterized by?
not mobilizing enough stress hromones - can contribute to psychomotor retardation
depression presentation & glucocort
usually significantly elevated stress hormones = impede deep sleep, less restful, less energy = psychomotor retardation
3 forms of depression - work on what?
unipolar: depressed or ok
bipolar: ok, depressed, manic
seasonal: affected by enviro aka no sun.
cycle = cycle’s have strong biological underpinning to depression
heritability % in genes?
38% in genes.
- likely people are predisposed to depression.
twin study: corrleation between twin diagnosed with depression and likelihood of other twin being diagnosed.
f-f MZ = 0.44, mm- dz & mf dz = 0.11. ff-dz > risk than MM MZ
NT and depression
abnoraml NA, 5-HT, DA - treatments act on these.
- SSRI: prevent 5-HT reuptake into presynaptic neuron = greater chance to hit post-synaptic neuron
MAO inhibitors: stop MAO from degrading 5-ht, more time in synapse = more downstream neuronal activation
relation btw gut and 5-ht
gut is hgih in 5-ht receptors. correlation with gut bacteria out of whack & depression.
- deficiency in magnesium, important as enzyme for 5-ht and da
low 5-ht and depression
= incessant ideation, perseverating on idea.
- ocd affected by this as well.
- need more 5-ht
NA and depression
increase = increase brain activation
DA fxn in brain
pleasure centre
- maybe decrease in depression therefore anhedonia
anterior cingulate cortes - function
- activated when?
- prolonged depression on acc?
attune to emotion, especially negative emotion.
activated when excluded, lack social support
- prolonged depression = sever connection btw acc and limbic system
stress and depression tend to go togehter
prone to depression, experience stressors at higher than expected rate.
- more stressors experiences w depression
- more stressors assoc w social exclusion
more life stress & depression
more life stressors = more likely to succumb to major depression (first episode) compared to someone with fewer stressors
DA - need more to feel pleasure when stress hormones are elevated.
cushing’s syndrome
cushing - excess glucocort = more depression than those w equal severity, but diff tumor.
- synthetic glucocort treatment - higher depression in those treated with synthetics than not
genes, stress & depression.
twin study: stress effects major depression onset. - no stress = twin affected or not makes no difference.
with stress:
affected MZ twin = highest risk, affected dz, unaffected mz, unaffected dz.
personality protective factor against depression
conscientiousness
diathesis-stress model
- alcoholism
- ptsd, hippocampus
- interplay btw genetics and enviro
genetic vulnerability to alcoholism, expression of predisposition may be dependent on access to alcohol.
- small hippocmpus + stressor = more likely to develop PTSD.
- if highly vulnerable, smaller stressor will affect you more.
atypical depression
lower than normal glucocorticoid levels
- incapacitating physical and psychological exhaustion contribute to psychomotor retardation.
typical depression
- feedback resistance
elevated levels of glucocorticoids. overactive stress response.
- smaller hippocampus + major depression = high glucocort. damage to hippocampus (= memory impairment) - hippo wont turn hypo off = constant gluco release = more damage to hippo.
