LA Ortho

Question 1

How do tendons/ligaments respond to injury

Answer 1

1) Inflammatory phase
2) Repair phase
3) Remodeling phase

Question 2

What is the inflammatory phase in tendon injury?

Answer 2

vascular & cellular

Question 3

What is the repair phase in tendon injury?

Answer 3

fibroblasts
intrinsic & extrinsic repair

Question 4

What is the remodeling phase?

Answer 4

decrease tensile strength
decrease elasticity

Question 5

What are the characteristics of tendon lacerations?

Answer 5

slow return to strength
extensor vs. flexor
intended use
associated structures

Question 6

What is the prognosis of extensor tendon lacerations after repair?

Answer 6

good
>75% sound

Question 7

What is the prognosis of flexors tendon lacerations after repair?

Answer 7

Guarded
84% survival
45-82% sound

Question 8

What anatomy is effected with tarsal luxation?

Answer 8

short and long metacarpal ligament & plantar ligament

Question 9

What are the clinical signs associated with tarsal luxation?

Answer 9

usually due to trauma
acute/severe lameness
instability
soft tissue swelling

Question 10

What are the best diagnostic tools used for tarsal luxation?

Answer 10

radiographs

Question 11

What is the treatment/surgery options for tarsal luxation?

Answer 11

full limb cast- foot to stifle
internal fixations if there are fractures

Question 12

What is the prognosis for tarsal luxation?

Answer 12

Fair to poor
depends on degree of damage & presence of fractures

Question 13

What are the main areas effected by osteochondrosis?

Answer 13

Tarsus and hock

Question 14

What are the clinical signs associated with osteochondrosis?

Answer 14

synovial effusion
variable degree of lameness
mild + on flexion test

Question 15

What are the best diagnostic tools used to confirm osteochondrosis?

Answer 15

radiographs

Question 16

What are the treatment/surgical options for osteochondrosis?

Answer 16

surgical removal of fragments

Question 17

What are the prognoses for osteochondrosis?

Answer 17

Mild distal intermediate ridge of tibia lesion–good

Mild lateral trochlear ridge lesion–guarded to poor

Chronic lateral trochlear ridge lesion– guarded to poor

Question 18

What anatomy is effected with upward patellar fixation?

Answer 18

patella/stay apparatus
medial patellar ligament

Question 19

What are the clinical signs associated with upward patellar fixation?

Answer 19

mild/severe lameness
unable to self correct
young developing horses
minis, ponies, donkeys

Question 20

What are the best diagnostic tools used to confirm upward patellar fixation?

Answer 20

Signalment
Clinical Signs
Other Rule outs

Question 21

What are the treatments/surgical options for upward patellar fixation?

Answer 21

Desmoplasty
—-medial patellar ligament splitting

Question 22

What is the prognosis for upward patellar fixation?

Answer 22

Good
Depends on response to surgery and the potential for a repeat desmoplastic which leads to OA

Question 22

What is the prognosis for upward patellar fixation?

Answer 22

Good
Depends on response to surgery and the potential for a repeat desmoplastic which leads to OA

Question 23

What is another name for Equine Reflex Hypertonia?

Answer 23

Stringhalt

Question 24

What anatomy is effected with stringhalt?

Answer 24

Hind limb musculature and nervous system

Question 25

What are the two forms of stringhalt?

Answer 25

Classic form (ideopathic) --unilateral Australian form (dandelion ingestion) --bilateral

Question 26

What are the clinical signs associated with equine reflex hypertonia?

Answer 26

Characteristic gait --observed at walk or trot --involuntary & exaggerated flexion of one or both limbs --limb jerked towards abdomen in cranial phase of stride

Question 27

What are the diagnostic tools used to confirm equine reflex hypertonia?

Answer 27

observation of gait presence of toxic dandelions & lack of other forage

Question 28

What is the treatment/surgical options for stringhalt?

Answer 28

prevent ingestion lateral digital extensor myotenectomy

Question 29

What is the prognosis for prevent ingestion & lateral digital extensor myotenectomy associated with stringhalt?

Answer 29

Fair--ingestion guarded to favorable--Myotenectomy

Question 30

What anatomy is effected with "shivers"

Answer 30

bilateral rear limbs

Question 31

What are the clinical signs associated with shivers?

Answer 31

gait abnormalities when backing up trembling of tail while held erect trembling of the thigh muscles flexed & trembling hind

Question 32

How is shivers diagnosed?

Answer 32

clinical signs differentiate from stringhalt

Question 33

What are the treatment/surgical options for shivers?

Answer 33

None

Question 34

What is the prognosis for shivers?

Answer 34

Variable

Question 35

What anatomy is effected with fibroptic myopathy?

Answer 35

palpable fibrosis of semitendinosus & semimembrenosus muscles

Question 36

What are the clinical signs associated with fibroptic myopathy?

Answer 36

Characteristic gait --best observed @ walk --abrupt cessation of cranial phase of stride of affected limb --foot suddenly jerked caudally just before it hits the ground

Question 37

What are the treatment/surgical options for fibroptic myopathy?

Answer 37

semitendinosus tenotomy

Question 38

What is the prognosis for surgical treatment of fibroptic myopathy?

Answer 38

most horses improve following surgery few surgical complications

Question 39

What are the clinical signs associated with ruptured gastrocnemius muscle?

Answer 39

acute lameness partial/complete inability to fix stay apparatus point of hock dropped

Question 40

What diagnostics are used to confirm ruptured gastrocnemius muscle?

Answer 40

clinical signs

Question 41

What are the treatment/surgical options for a ruptured gastrocnemius muscle?

Answer 41

Stall rest and stabilization

Question 42

What is the prognosis for a ruptured gastrocnemius muscle?

Answer 42

Foals: favorable Adults: poor for complete rupture

Question 43

What are the clinical signs for a ruptures proneus tertius muscle?

Answer 43

ability to extend the tarsus while stifle is flexed dimple in common calcaneal tendon

Question 44

How is a ruptured proneus tertius muscle diagnosed?

Answer 44

Clinical signs Ultrasound Radiographs

Question 45

What are the treatment/surgical options for a ruptured proneus tertius muscle?

Answer 45

stall rest for 6 weeks controlled exercise for 3 months

Question 46

What is the prognosis for a ruptured proneus tertius muscle?

Answer 46

Favorable: adults w/ proximal avulsion guarded

Question 47

What is another name for a solar abcess?

Answer 47

"Gravel"

Question 48

What anatomy is effected with "gravel"?

Answer 48

Dermis/corium of sole inflammation & infections

Question 49

What are the clinical signs associated with gravel?

Answer 49

acute lameness increased digital pulses with the medial being greater than the lateral heat on hoof capsule

Question 50

How is gravel diagnosed?

Answer 50

Localize area of sensitivity with hoof testers

Question 51

How is gravel treated?

Answer 51

Localize it find it open it up let it drain

Question 52

What are the 3 causes of laminitis?

Answer 52

Septic/inflammatory conditions Endocrine & metabolic abnormalities Excessive unilateral weight bearing

Question 53

What are examples of septic/inflammatory conditions that can lead to laminitis?

Answer 53

Carbohydrate overload GI disturbances (enteritis) Septic Conditions (retained placenta)

Question 54

What are examples of endocrine & metabolic abnormalities that can lead to laminitis?

Answer 54

PPID & equine cushings disease insulin dysregulation obesity

Question 55

What are examples of excessive unilateral weight bearing abnormalities that can lead to laminitis?

Answer 55

support limb laminitis

Question 56

What anatomical structures are effected with laminitis?

Answer 56

Corium lamina & stratum Internum Dermis & epidermis DDFT

Question 57

What are the clinical signs associated with laminitis?

Answer 57

marked severe lameness reluctant to move/recumbent elevated, "bounding" digital pulse heat in hoof capsule Can be all 4 feet usually just front feet

Question 58

What are the 5 treatment options for laminitis?

Answer 58

1) remove inciting cause/correct primary problem 2) control inflammation 3) reduce/prevent derangement of laminar blood flow 4) minimize mechanical trauma to the weakened lamellae 5) radiographic monitoring

Question 59

What degree of lameness has a better prognosis for laminitis?

Answer 59

no lameness or distal phalanx-hoof wall separation lameness w/o distal phalanx hoof wall separation

Question 60

What are the clinical signs associated with navicular syndrome?

Answer 60

short choppy gait lameness exacerbated by work on hard ground & tight circles lameness is markedly improved by anesthesia of the palmar digital nerve

Question 61

What are the diagnostic tools used to support navicular syndrome?

Answer 61

Radiographs MRI (gold standard)

Question 62

What might you see on radiographs for navicular syndrome?

Answer 62

synovial foramina: enlargement, increase in number +/- irregular shape? medullary sclerosis enthesopathy distal boarder fragmentation lysis or irregularity of flexor cortex cystic formation

Question 63

What are some treatment options that can be used for navicular syndrome?

Answer 63

trimming/shoeing intrasynovial therapies bone resorption inhibitors NSAIDs rest, controlled exercise & rehabilitation

Question 64

What are some surgical options for navicular syndrome?

Answer 64

Bursoscopy Tenoscopy