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Bio 120 Lab > Lab 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lab 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When using a microscope it is important to properly set the _______ and the ______ ______ in order to visualize cell structures.

A

Condenser and the Iris diaphragm

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2
Q

Which occular lense is adjustable, has a pointer?

A

Left = is adjustable

Right = has a pointer

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3
Q

With which objective lenses do we use the coarse focus? Fine focus?

A

Coarse focus = 4x

Fine focus = 10x, 40x

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4
Q

What is the diameter of the Field of View for each objective lense?

4X (low power)?

10X (medium power)?

40X (high power)?

A

4X = 4.40 mm

10X = 1.75 mm

40X = 0.44 mm

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5
Q

All living organisms are made of ____

A

cells

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6
Q

What are the four basic features of a cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

DNA

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Which type of cell is the most complex?

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

What are the two groups of Prokaryotic cells?

Are they Unicellular? Or Multicellular?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

Unicellular

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9
Q

Which three things do Prokaryotic cells lack?

A

They lack:

1) A nucleus
2) Chromosomal proteins

3) Membrane-bound organelles
ex. mitochondria

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10
Q

Which type of cell is smaller? What is the advantage?

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller

Advantage: allows important molecules to get to any location inside the cell quickly, without specialized organelles

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11
Q

What do specialized organelles do?

A

They facilitate transport and metabolic events

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12
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall composed of?

A

Composed of polysaccharides and amino acids

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13
Q

Many bacterial cells also secrete a ___________ called __________ , which _________ and ___________

A

Many bacterial cells also secrete a gelatinous outer covering called glycocalyx, which traps water and protects it from desiccation

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14
Q

Bacteria cell’s have a very thick glycocalyx called a capsule, which _______________

A

Bacteria cell’s have a very thick glycocalyx called a capsule, which prevents bacteria from being destroyed by an animal’s immune system

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

Beneath the capsule is the _____ and then the _________

A

Cell wall and then the Plasma Membrane

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cell:

Define nucleoid

A

A central area that contains the circular molecule of DNA

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

Smaller pieces of circular DNA is called _____

A

Plasmids

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18
Q

Which structure synthesize’s proteins?

Are they located in Prokaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes

Yes

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19
Q

What are stains used for?

A

To increase contrast or emphasize selected cell features

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20
Q

_______ is a Cyanobacteria

A

Anabaena

**underline species names**

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21
Q

A photosynthetic bacteria is __________

A

Cyanobacteria

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22
Q

_______ is a filamentous with cells in unbranched chains, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath

A

Anabaena

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23
Q

Which 4 things do Anabaena cells contain?

(bacteria, therefore it is a Prokaryotic cell)

A

1) A cell wall
2) Plasma membrane
3) Cytoplasm
4) Heterocyst

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24
Q

In Anabaena, where does photosynthesis occur? (since the cytoplasm does NOT contain any membrane-bound organelles)

A

Photosynthesis occurs in the layers of photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids

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25
T or F: Most organisms are able to use atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) directly
False; Most organisms are UNABLE to use atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) directly. They depend on other organisms to convert the nitrogen into a form that they can use
26
Nitrogen is essential for the ___________ and _________ (\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_) within an organism and is often a _________ for the growth of algae.
Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) within an organism and is often a limiting nutrient for the growth of algae.
27
How does _Anabaena_ receive its nitrogen? What kind of cell does this make it?
It fixes its own Nitrogen within its heterocyst, therefore it is a multicellular cell because it has the presence of the specialized heterocyst within the filament
28
Where is the DNA material stored in a Prokaryotic cell?
In the nucleoid
29
Since there are no mitochondria or chloroplasts in theses cells: 1) Where does the cellular respiration occur in bacteria? 2) Where does cellular respiration and photosynthesis occur in Cyanobacteria?
1) Cytoplasm 2) Thylakoids
30
What kind of Eukaryotic cells are there?
Plant cells and Animal cells
31
Eukaryotic cells typically have _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Eukaryotic cells typically have a membrane-bound nucleus and a variety of other membrane-bound organelles.
32
_Elodea_ (or other aquatic plant): What are the 6 components of this plant?
1) Cell wall 2) Plasma membrane (pressed tightly against cell wall) 3) Cytoplasm 4) Chloroplasts (where photosynthesis occurs) 5) Large central vacuole - large and colorless (pushes the cytoplasm and chloroplasts against the membrane) 6) Nucleus (colorless)
33
The movement of many tiny particles in the cytoplasmic strands of a cell is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Cytoplasmic Streaming
34
How does the size of Eukaryotic _Elodea_ cell compare to a Prokaryotic _Anabaena_ cell?
The Elodea cell is bigger then the Anabaena cell in size
35
For which experiment did we use methylene blue stain?
With our cheek epithelial cells "Animal cells"
36
Animal Cells: What are the 3 components of a cheek cell?
1) Irregular shaped Plasma membrane with numerous folds... 2) ... which encloses the granular cytoplasm 3) A small, dark stained nucleus
37
Animal vs plant cells Cheek vs Elodea\* Which one is bigger?
In this case the animal cell is bigger then the plant cell
38
What is the purpose of methylene blue stain ?
- The stain is used to increase contrast - It stains the DNA molecules of the nucleus dark blue - Allows us to see the cell and its components more clearly
39
What are Eukaryotic cell walls made of?
Plant cell = cell wall is made of cellulose Animal cell = no cell wall
40
Which type of cell has plastids? Name the 3 plastids
Only plant cells! Chloroplasts Chromoplasts Leucoplasts
41
what are the hairs of Tradescantia composed of? What color are they? Why?
They are composed of a chain of long cells They are colorless but turn purple as they mature, due to anthocyanin (stored in central vacuole)
42
What type of cell is _Tradescantia_?
It's a plant cell
43
Which 7 components make up a _Tradescantia_ cell?
1) Cell wall 2) Plasma membrane (tightly against cell wall) 3) Nucleus 4) Nuclear envelope 5) Central vacuole 6) Cytoplasm 7) Mitochondria
44
What is the function of a cell wall?
Protects and gives rigidity to the cell
45
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
- It regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell \* It is selectively permeable (only allows some stuff in)
46
What are the two main functions of a nucleus?
1) It controls cell function (by directing protein synthesis) 2) It stores the genetic material (DNA)
47
What surrounds a nucleus?
A double membrane called the nuclear envelope
48
A large colorless organelle called _______ occupies 85-90% of the total cell volume. It gives support to the plant cell when it is fully expanded and functions in ______ of water as well as \_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_,\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_
Central vacuole storage of water as well as enzymes, ions, proteins and toxins
49
What does the _Tradescantia_ also store in the central vacuole?
It stores purple pigment called Anthocyanin
50
How do we observe the cytoplasm in _Tradescantia_? Why? What is in the cytoplasm?
We observe the cytoplasm as cytoplasmic streaming. Because the large central vacuole takes up most of the cell, therefore it is restricted to a small layer Mitochondria
51
Mitochondria are the site of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a process that generates rich molecules called ___________ from \_\_\_\_\_\_
Cellular respiration Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) sugars \*ATP is the primary source of energy for cellular processes
52
Onion (_Allium_) cells: 1) Is there cytoplasmic streaming? 2) Why do the cells lack pigment? 3) How can you identify the cell as a plant cell?
1) Yes 2) They are found underground and are not photosynthetic 3) The cell wall and large central vacuole
53
What are Chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts are plastids that contain pigments called chlorophylls and they are site of the photosynthesis
54
# Define Photosynthesis
The use of energy to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water
55
The color of chloroplasts is due to ____ a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This is located on the _______ of the chloroplast This pigment \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chlorophyll Green pigment Thylakoid membranes Captures light energy used in photosynthesis
56
What are the components that make up a green pepper cell?
1) Cell wall 2) Chloroplasts 3) Cytoplasm 4) Central Vacuole 5) Nucleus
57
Chromoplasts are plastids that contain pigments called \_\_\_, and are typically _______ in color. They are commonly found in _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Carotenoids Yellow, orange, red, dark purple Flowers (color attracts animals for pollination) and fruits (seed dispersal)
58
What components make up a red pepper?
1) Cell wall 2) Chromoplasts 3) Cytoplasm 4) Central vacuole 5) Nucleus
59
Leucoplast refers to a group of __________ that function in the _____ of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_
Non-pigmented plastids storage of starch, proteins, fats (lipids)
60
Where do we find Leucoplasts in a cell?
Around the nucleus
61
In the banana (_Musa_), the leucoplasts form \_\_\_\_\_\_. Where are they located and how?
Large starch grains. Located free in the cytoplasm because the starch grains are so big that they have outgrown the leucoplast
62
What are the componants of a _Musa_?
1) Cell wall 2) Starch grains 3) Cytoplasm (streaming) 4) Striations (if visible) - on starch grains
63
What do we add to the Musa to be able to see the starch grains?
We add a drop of iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) to stain the starch grains dark brown/purple
64
Which specimen appears as a tiny white star shape? What type of cell is it
Amoeba Unicellular animal cell
65
What are the six parts to an _Amoeba_?
1) Plasma membrane 2) Pseudopodium 3) Cytoplasm 4) Nucleus 5) Contractile vacuole 6) Food vacuole
66
What is the pseudopodia?
It is cellular extensions that form as the granular cytoplasm flows forward (allows organism to crawl)
67
The cytoskeletal components responsible for pseudopod formation are ______ which are composed of ?
Microfilaments \*help it move\* Composed of actin subunits, involved in cytoplasmic streaming and division of cytoplasm
68
What is phagocytosis?
In the _Amoeba_ It uses the pseudopodia to encircle and trap small animals and food particles.
69
What does the contractile vacuole look like? What is its function? Why may it vanish?
Colorless and perfectly circular. Functions in osmoregulation (maintenance of a constant internal solute) Vanishes as it contracts to empty its contents (excess water)
70
Which type of cytoskeletal components are cilia and flagella made up of?
Microtubules \*for mobility\*
71
What works against microtubles to create a bend in the cilium of flagellum?
Specialized (motor) proteins Causes oar-like movement of cilia Causes whip-like movement of flagella
72
How did we slow down the Paramecium?
Using a drop of PROTOSLO to down down the organism, then we can see the cilia
73
Why does the cell need mitochondria in abundance?
To supply the cilia with ATP
74
What is the function of a nucleolus?
Where ribosome subunit assembly occurs
75
What is the funtion of the Golgi?
To modify, ship and store products of the ER
76
What is the function of the secretory vesicles?
The secretion of proteins
77
What is the function of the Rough ER?
The sorting of proteins
78
What type of cell transports proteins?
Animal cell
79
What passes out of nuclear pores?
mRNA and tRNA Ribosome subunits
80
What is the function of the cristae of mitochondria?
They increase the surface area available for ATP synthesis
81
What is the function of smooth ER?
Lipid synthesis and modification No ribosomes
82
What are lysosomes?
Small membrane bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digests a cell's food and waste
83
What is the function of the Rough ER?
Studded with Ribosomes Key role in the initial synthesis and sorting of proteins for export
84
What are vesicles?
Small membrane bound organelles, found in Eukaryotic cells May contain macromolecules (proteins, lipids) for storage, transport or secretion

Bio 120 Lab (4 decks)

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