Lab 1: Dicot Review Flashcards
1
Q
Dicot growth pattern
A
- Determinate
- Indeterminate
2
Q
Determinate growth
A
-predetermined # of leaves (or stem nodes)
-then produces inflorescence
-period of vegetative growth, then switches to reproductive development
-uniform maturity
3
Q
Indeterminate growth
A
-does NOT have predetermined # of leaves (or stem nodes)
-flower and produce seeds while continuing to grow vegetatively and reproductively
-mature seeds and unopened flowers can exist on one plant
4
Q
Dicot Stem Growth Habits
A
- Erect
- Prostrate
- Twining
5
Q
Erect stem growth habit
A
-upright
-strong enough to be self-supporting
6
Q
Prostrate stem growth habit
A
-lie flat against ground
-stems may or may not root at nodes along length where in contact with soil
7
Q
Twining stem growth habit
A
-unique ability to sense objects they touch
-quickly wrap themselves around them for above ground support
8
Q
Dicot leaves consist of…
A
Blade and petiole (may or may not be present)
9
Q
Lamina
A
-(blade)
-wide, flattened part of leaf
-if present, what petiole attaches to
10
Q
Dicot leaf venation types
A
- Pinnate
- Palmate
11
Q
Pinnate leaf venation
A
-smaller veins arise from rachis
12
Q
Rachis
A
Main central vein in leaves
13
Q
Palmate leaf venation
A
-several main veins emerge from common central point at bottom of leaf blade
14
Q
Dicot leaf forms:
A
- Simple
- Compound
15
Q
Simple leaf
A
Undivided blade
16
Q
Compound leaf
A
Subdivided blade consisting of several leaflets
-ignore venation and only look at orientation when classifying (I.e. pinnate or palmate orientation)
17
Q
How to differentiate between several small simple leaves of leaflets of a compound leaf?
A
-true leaf =axillary bud present
-leaflet =never has axillary bud
18
Q
Simple Pinnate Leaf
A
-undivided blade
-pinnate venation
19
Q
Compound pinnate leaf
A
-divided blade
-pinnate (feather-like) orientation of leaflets on the rachis
-leaflets may have sessile or petiolule attachment
-single axillary bud for entire leaf
20
Q
Petiolule
A
Structure that attaches leaflets to rachis
21
Q
Simple palmate leaf
A
-undivided blade
-palmate venation
22
Q
Compound palmate leaf
A
-divided blade
-palmate orientation of leaflets
-leaflets may have sessile or petiolule attachment
-single axillary bud
23
Q
Trifoliate leaf
A
-divided blade
-exactly three leaflets per leaf
-many pulse crops
-single axillary bud
24
Q
Leaf Shape
A
General outline of the leaf
25
Cordate leaves
-heart-shaped
-notch at base of leaf blade
26
Deltoid leaves
-equilateral triangle
-flat at base of leaf
27
Linear leaves
-long and narrow
-pretty much parallel sides
28
Lanceolate leaves
-much longer than wide
-widest point of leaf below middle of blade
29
Ovate leaves
-egg-shaped
-point of attachment at broad end
30
Leaf Margins
Edge pattern of leaf blade
31
Entire leaf margins
Not toothed, notched, or divided
32
Lobed leaf margins
Cut less than halfway to base or midrib
-can be smooth or pointed
33
Serrate leaf margins
-saw-like
-serrations (teeth) pointed forward toward leaf apex
Double serrate: smaller serrations on the margins of the larger serrations
34
Phllotaxy
Arrangement of leaves on a stem
35
Alternate leaf arrangement
One leaf attached per node
36
Opposite leaf arrangement
-two leaves attached at a node on opposite sides of stem
37
Whorled leaf arrangement
Circular leaf arrangement involving three or more leaves attached at a node
38
Stipules
-appendages
-seen as paired structures
-inserted at base of petiole
*part of the leaf
39
Tendrils
-modified leaf or leaflet of climbing plant
-climb as around suitable objects
40
Glabrous
-smooth texture
-no hairs
41
Gynoecium
Female reproductive organs of a flower
42
Pistil
Stigma, style, and ovary
43
Androecium
Male reproductive organs of a flower
-collective term for group of stamens
44
Stamen
An anther and a filament
45
Dehiscence
Opening of plant structure that facilitates dispersal of its contents
-predetermined for each unique plant structure
-pollen shed by dehiscence
46
Anthesis
Process of an anther shedding its pollen
47
Pollen grains
-found on anthers
-contain mall sperm cells
48
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from anther to sticky receptive area of stigma
49
Fertilization
Occurs when sperm cells from pollen grains each egg cell inside ovule and fuse with it
50
Fertilized ovule
Embryo
51
Embryo develops into…
Seed
-surrounding ovary develops into botanical fruit structure
52
Primary function of botanical fruits
Seed dispersal
53
Ovary develops into…
Fruit structure (pericarp)
54
Ovule develops into…
Embryo
55
Whorled arrangement of floral organs attached to…
A receptacle
56
Typical flower
Sepals, petals, stamens, pistils
(Both monocot and dicot)
57
Sepal
Outermost whorl of flower
-often green and leaf-like
Function: cover and protect flower when it is in bud stage
58
Calyx
Collective term for sepals
59
Petals
Flower whorls inside of sepals
Function: attract insects, may have nectaries at their bases
60
Nectaries
Specialized regions of petal that secrete nectar
61
Perianth
Collective term for calyx and corolla
-surround reproductive organs
62
Stamens
-when present, located in whorl immediately inside petals
-consist of filament and anther
-shed pollen by dehiscence (anthesis)
-may be none, few, or many stamens in each flower
63
Style
Connects upper and basal portions of carpel/pistil
64
Carpel/Pistil
Located unsure whorl of stamens
-typically stigma, style, and ovary
65
Stigma
Upper portion of carpel/pistil that receives pollen
-connected to ovary
66
Ovary
Enlarged basal portion of carpel/pistil
67
Simple pistil
-unicarpellate
-single locale containing seeds in ovary
68
Locule
Chamber/cavity within ovary
69
Compound pistil
Has multiple locales, each containing seeds
70
Carpel
Basic unit of gynoecium
71
Pistil
Visual unit of gynoecium
72
Complete flower
All four types of floral organs present
(Sepals, petals, stamens, pistil)
73
Incomplete flower
Missing any one of whorls of floral organs
74
Perfect flower
Stamens and pistil both present
(Bisexual)
75
Imperfect flower
Pistil or stamens absent
(Unisexual)
76
Staminate flower
-Imperfect
-containing stamens but no functional pistil
77
Pistillate flower
Imperfect female flower
-one or more pistils
-no stamens
78
Monoecious plant
Both staminate and pistillate flowers on same plant
79
Dioecious plant
Staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants
80
Synoecious plant
Single plant has all perfect flowers
81
Polygamous plant
Mixture of imperfect and perfect flowers
82
Apical meristems
Responsible for increasing plant length
83
Axillary bud
-found at leaf axil of each node
-from which branching occurs
84
Dicot endosperm
-usually indistinct
-absorbed into cotyledons for food storage
85
Dicot embryo parts
-radicle
-plumule
-two vacuoles (cotyledons)
86
Dicot floral parts usually in units of…
Five (sometimes fours)
87
Dicot leaf vexation?
Branched
88
Is a vascular cambium present in dicots?
Yes
89
Embryonic axis
Radicle and plumule
90
Epicotyl
Stem unit directly above cotyledons
91
Epigeal germination
*cotyledons drawn up and out of soil
1. Elongation and arching of hypocotyl
-plumule remains enclosed between cotyledons until break surface
2. Cotyledons photosynthetic for short time
3. Cotyledons wither and fall away after first true leaves expand
92
Germination
Process involving some measure of seedling development
93
Hilum
-belly button
-scar remaining on testa where seed was attached inside of fruit
94
Hypocotyl
Stem unit directly below cotyledons
95
Hypogeal germination
*cotyledons remain below surface
-supply stored energy and provide anchorage
1. Epicotyl emerges from between cotyledons
-bent over to draw plumule through soil
2. Epicotyl straightens to elevate plumule
96
Leaf axil
Upper angle (armpit) created between leaves at point of connection with stem
97
Microphyle
-may be visible on testa
-very small hole
-permits entry of moisture into seed at beginning of germ
98
Plumule
-embryonic shoot
-develops into above ground shoot system
99
Radicle
-embryonic root
-develops into primary root system
100
Root apical meristem
-gives rise to primary meristematic tissues that develop into root components
101
Secondary roots
Branches off taproot
102
Shoot apical meristem
-upward plant growth
-gives rise to above ground structures
103
Taproot system
-most dicots
-derived from radicle
-initially sends one major root downward
-only minor lateral branches emerge along length (secondary roots)
104
Testa
Seed coat
-surround entire embryo
105
Vascular cambium
-lateral meristem
-gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem tissue
-specialized layer for dicots to increase in girth
106
Vegetative growth
Proceeds from areas where mitosis division occurs
107
Spike inflorescence
Unbranched inflorescence on which the individual flowers are sessile to the rachis
108
Raceme inflorescence
Individual flowers are attached to the rachis by pedicels
-Mature flowers on the raceme will open and mature from the bottom, upward.
109
Panicle inflorescence
Like a raceme, except the branches of the raceme are branched themselves, forming numerous small racemes emerging from the central axis
110
Capitulum inflorescence
-resemble one very large flower
-composed of hundreds/thousands of florets
-florets attached to common receptacle surrounded by involucral bracts
111
Rachis
Main stem axis of an inflorescence
112
Involucral bracts
A whorl or series of whorled bracts around or beneath a condensed inflorescence
(Easily mistaken for a calyx of a simple single flower)
113
Solitary inflorescence
An inflorescence held on a stem
114
Inflorescence
A structure open which a plant’s flowers are arranged
115
Tubular floret
Corolla is a five pointed tube
116
Ligulate floret
-corolla has become fuses and extremely one sided
-forms a flat linear petal-like flower
-often short tube at base of floret
-often line outer rim of capitulum (looking like petals)
117
Simple umbel inflorescence
A large number of pedicels arise from same point on peduncle
(Onions and common geranium)
118
All members of the aster family have flowers arranged in what type of inflorescence?
Capitulum
119
Compound/double umbel inflorescence
Many small umbels clustered at top of a peduncle to form single large umbel
(Dill and other members of Apiaceae family)
120
Botanical fruit structure
A ripened/mature ovary with its enclosed seeds and any other external structures which are attached
-external structures ripen along with the ovary and its contents
121
Follicle fruit structure
Seed attached along one wall of ovary with pericarp splitting along one side only
-dehiscent
122
Legume fruit structure
Seeds attached along one wall of the ovary with pericarp splitting along two sides from apex to base
-dehiscent
123
What type of fruit is only found in the Fabaceae family?
Legumes
124
Silique fruit structure
-dehiscent
-divided down middle by false septum
-seeds attached to placenta that runs down length of false septum
-split from base to apex
-leaves beak at top of false septum
125
Silicle fruit structure
Silique that is about as broad as it is long
126
Silique and silicle fruit types are unique to what family?
Brassicaceae
127
Capsule fruit structure
-dehiscent
-formed from compound ovary
-highly variable in shape and mode of splitting
128
A poppy has what fruit structure?
Capsule
129
Denticidal capsule
Fruit dehiscence by a series of teeth
130
White cockle has what fruit structure
Denticidal capsule
131
Poricidal capsule
Fruit dehiscence by a series of small pores
132
Schizocarp
-dehiscent
-formed from a compound pistil
-the multiple fruit splits into two or more individual fruit sections called mericarps
(Some arranged like sections of an orange)
133
Mericarps
Individual fruit sections a schizocarp splits into at maturity
-kidney to nearly round in shape
134
Dehiscent fruit structures
-split at maturity to release contents
135
Indehiscent fruit structures
-typically single-seeded
-do not split at maturity to release contents
-entire fruit released to act as propagate (seed)
136
Achene
-pericarp and testa not fused
-pericarp tough or leathery (not woody)
(easily confused with simple seed)
-Indehiscent
137
What type of fruit structure is a sunflower seed?
Achene
138
Nuts
-Indehiscent
-pericarp and test not fused
-pericarp distinctly woody
139
Nutlet
When nut is so small that it is essentially seed-like
140
Samara
-indehiscent
-pericarp and testa not fuse
-pericarp extended to form a membranous winds to assist in wind dispersal
(I.e. trees)
141
Caryopsis
-indehiscent
-pericarp and testa tightly fused
142
What fruit type is only found in Poacea family?
Caryopsis
143
All cereal grains and grass “seeds” are actually what fruit structure?
Caryopses
144
The first word of a species name is what?
The genus
145
The second word of a species name is what?
The specific epithet
146
Should you underline the first and second words of a species name together or separate?
Separate (no underline across space between words)
147
Should you capitalize the second word of a species name?
No
148
Ocrea
Membranous sheath around stem
-forms the stipule of a leaf
149
Awl-shaped
Linear shape with apex tapering to a fine point
150
Adpressed
Lying close to another structure, but not completely fused to it
151
Deciduous
Falling off; not persistent
152
Fascicle
Pine needles are grouped in bundles/cluster
153
Leaf scar
The scar remains in on a twig after a leaf has abscised
154
Pseudo-terminal
Appears to be terminal; buds offset (one higher than the other)
