Lab 1 - Prokaryotes

Question 1

Prokaryotic organisms

Answer 1

• simple and smaller
• do not have membrane-bound organelles
• world’s oldest organisms and most abundant

Question 2

Organelle (prokaryotes)

Answer 2

specialized structural part of a cell

Question 3

cell membrane (prokaryotes)

Answer 3

• membrane separates cell’s contents from surrounding environment and is semipermeable
• encloses cytoplasm

Question 4

Cytoplasm (prokaryotes)

Answer 4

contents of a cell enclosed by cell membrane
- contains ribosomes for protein synthesis and single circular chromosome in nucleiod

Question 5

Chromosome (prokaryotes)

Answer 5

consists of DNA (coiled loop)

Question 6

Nucleoid (prokaryotes)

Answer 6

region that contains DNA

Question 7

Cell wall (prokaryotes)

Answer 7

rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane that provides support and protection

Question 8

Capsule (prokaryotes)

Answer 8

Protective outer covering that coats the cell wall

Question 9

Fimbriae (prokaryotes)

Answer 9

hair-like extensions out of the cell, used to attach to surfaces

Question 10

Pili (prokaryotes)

Answer 10

fewer longer extensions used to transfer or exchange DNA during conjugation

Question 11

Binary fission

Answer 11

means of asexual reproduction, cell divides to form two identical organisms

Question 12

Flagella (prokaryotes)

Answer 12

Long cellular projection used for locomotion

Question 13

Prokaryotes are divided into two different groups (domains):

Answer 13

• Bacteria
• Archaea

Question 14

What do domain bacteria cell walls contain?

Answer 14

Peptidoglycan
- polymer (chain) of sugars and proteins

Question 15

What is the process of staining a bacteria called?

Answer 15

gram staining
- either gram positive or gram negative

Question 16

Gram positive

Answer 16

• thick peptidoglycan stain purple

Question 17

Gram negative

Answer 17

• thin peptidoglycan stain pink
• often pathogenic (disease causing)
  Ex. salmonella

Question 18

Fungi

Answer 18

• eukaryotic organisms
• grow in strands/filaments called hyphae

Question 19

Representative organisms:

Answer 19

• bifidobacterium (actinobacteria)
• anabaena (cyanobacteria)
• halobacterium (euryarchaeota)

Question 20

Bifidobacterium (not friends or adaptations)

Answer 20

• found in yogurt, lives in intestine
• unicellular, grows in colonies
• gram positive
• non-motile
• heterotroph (saprotroph)
• improves digestion

Question 21

Bacteria shapes:

Answer 21

• coccus (spherical)
• bacillus (rod-shaped)
• vibrio (comma-shaped)
• spirillum (spiral and rigid)
• spirochaete (spiral and flexible)

Question 22

saprotroph

Answer 22

heterotroph that uses extracellular digestion

Question 23

Friends of bifidobacterium

Answer 23

• streptococcus
• lactobacillus

Question 24

Adaptations of bifidobacterium

Answer 24

• has thick capsules around cell wall that protects them
• secretes enzymes into human intestine which breaks down food into small particles which can be absorbed by bacterium

Question 25

Anabaena (no friends or adaptations)

Answer 25

- autotrophs - use photosynthesis - grows in freshwater - multicellular filaments (unbranched chains) - reproduce asexually by fragmentation

Question 26

Anabaena structure

Answer 26

- cell wall - cytoplasm - heterocyst - gelatinous sheath

Question 27

gelatinous sheath

Answer 27

jelly-like layer surrounding cell - holds cell together

Question 28

Fragmentation

Answer 28

new individual develops from a fragment of the parent

Question 29

thylakoids

Answer 29

flattened membranes which contain chlorophyll and used for photosynthesis - fills most of cell's interior

Question 30

heterocyst

Answer 30

specialized for nitrogen fixation - bolded in the middle or end of organism

Question 31

Friends of anabaena

Answer 31

- Gloeocapsa - spirulina - oscillatoria - nostoc - fischerella

Question 32

Adaptations of Anabaena

Answer 32

- gelatinous sheath allows organisms to adhere to each other and protect from predators/harmful environments - heterocysts fixes its own nitrogen for synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids - contains thylakoids that provides enzymes for photosynthesis

Question 33

Halobacterium (not friends or adaptations)

Answer 33

- unicellular - grows in extreme saline water - heterotroph (photoheterotroph) - motile - in colonies

Question 34

halorhodopsin

Answer 34

- specialized protein, maintains high salt concentration within organism

Question 35

bacteriorhodopsin

Answer 35

- unique protein, red pigment - obtains chemical energy (ATP)

Question 36

photoheterotroph

Answer 36

both heterotrophic and light capturing

Question 37

Friends of halobacterium

Answer 37

- Halococcus - Methanomonas

Question 38

Adaptations of halobacterium

Answer 38

- uses halodorphins to prevent dehydration, acts as light-driven chloride pump - uses bacteriorhodopsin which uses energy from sunlight to create a proton gradient by pumping protons out of cell - Produces gas vesicles which allow it to float to the surface of the water to use higher levels of light and oxygen