Lab 2 - Eukaryotes Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
Eukaryotes
A
- larger
- more complex
- has membrane-bound organelles
2
Q
Nucleus (eukaryotes)
A
membrane bound organelle containing chromosomes
3
Q
Chloroplasts (eukaryotes)
A
contains chlorophyll and its where photosynthesis takes place
4
Q
Mitochondria (eukaryotes)
A
Generates most of the cell’s energy
5
Q
Cytoskeleton (eukaryotes)
A
- composed of microtubules and microfilaments
- cell’s organization and shape
6
Q
Domain eukarya consist of 4 kingdoms:
A
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
7
Q
Representative organisms:
A
- Amoeba (Amoebozoa)
- Paramecium (ciliates)
- Micrasterias (charophyta)
- Fucus (Phaeophyta)
8
Q
Amoeba
A
- animal-like
- ability to change body shape
- unicellular
- heterotrophic
- motile (crawls along)
- asexual by mitosis
9
Q
pseudopodia
A
- lobe-like extensions of body
- engulfs prey and allows it to move
10
Q
Contractile vacuole
A
control of water balance (osmoregulation)
- transparent and circular
11
Q
phagocytosis
A
Process of cell engulfing another cell or body, used for feeding
12
Q
food vacuole
A
membrane-bound organelle that contains and digests food obtained by phagocytosis
13
Q
Intracellular digestion
A
- food is digested within food vacuole
14
Q
mitosis
A
division of a nucleus to produce two identical daughter nuclei with chromosome complex
15
Q
Amoeba structure:
A
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- contractile vacuole
- nucleus (grey and granular)
- pseudopodium
- food vacuole
16
Q
Friends of Amoeba
A
- entamoeba gingivalis
- entamoeba histolytica
17
Q
Adaptations of Amoeba
A
- contractile vacuole uses osmoregulation to control water balance to prevent cell from bursting
- pseudopodia allows cell to change shape
- uses organelles and specialized regions to carry out basic functions
18
Q
Paramecium
A
- animal-like
- motile, uses cilia
- two types of nuclei
- heterotrophic (bacteria and small protists)
- active swimmer, large
- two contractile vacuoles
- reproduces both sexually and asexually (conjugation and mitosis)
19
Q
cilia
A
- uses to propel forward, coats the body (eyelash-like)
20
Q
pellicle
A
- firm flexible outer covering
21
Q
Oral groove
A
- how food is moves, side of paramecium
22
Q
Cell mouth
A
- after oral groove, where food enters the body
23
Q
Macronucleus
A
- large, bean-shaped
- involved with metabolism
24
Q
Micronucleus
A
- smaller
- store genetic material and involved in sexual reproduction
25
Conjugation
- sexually by two lining up side by side and exchange micronuclei through a bridge of cytoplasm
26
Paramecium structure
- cell membrane
- cilia
- pellicle
- oral groove
- cell mouth
- food vacuole
- contractile vacuole
- cytoplasm
- macronucleus
- micronucleus
27
Friends of paramecium
- Stentor
- Euglena
- Spirostomum
28
Adaptations of paramecium
- Can swim quickly and change directions with cilia
- Has two contractile vacuoles, at each end, used to maintain correct water balance
- micronuclei store genetic information
- in the macronucleus chromosomes undergo repeated duplications, resulting in multiple copies of chromosomes to allow the cell to produce enough enzymes and other molecules to control their large, active body
29
Micrasterias
- autotrophic
- motile
- asexually and sexually (mitosis and conjugation)
- plant-like
30
semi-cells
half cells
31
Isthmus
- joins semi-cells
32
Pyrenoid
- small round, embedded in the chloroplast
33
Micrasterias structure
- cell wall
- chloroplast
- nucleus
- isthmus
- pyrenoid
34
Zygospore
matured zygote, thick protective wall and cell forming
35
Friends of micrasterias
- protococcus
- selenastrum
- chlamydomomas
- ulothrix
- volvox
- scenedesmus
- ulva
- porphyra (red algae)
36
Adaptations of micrasterias
- cell wall prevents cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis
- contains chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b enzymes required for photosynthesis
- pyrenoids convert sugar to a storage product (starch), which is kept as a food reserve for alga's use
- zygospore can remain dormant for many months and survive cold winter temperatures or long periods of drought
37
Fucus (brown algae called wracks)
- plant-like
- multicellular, large
- autotrophic
38
What kind of different photosynthetic pigments does the fucus have?
- chlorophylls c1 and c2
- fucoxanthin
39
Fucoxanthin
- brown pigment
40
Pneumatocysts
air sacs (bladders)
41
Holdfasts
- specialized root-like structures
- at base of the stipe
42
Thallus
- multicellular body of fucus
43
Blade (lamina)
- in thallus
- flattened, leaf-like
44
Stipe
- in thallus
- thin stem-like
45
Receptacles
- swollen tips, on some of the branches
46
Conceptacle
- tip of each tiny bump on the receptacle, cave-like cavity]
- contain sexual reproductive structures
47
Fucus structure
- thallus
- blade (lamina)
- stipe
- holdfast
- pneumatocysts
- receptacle
- conceptacle
- dichotomous branching (equally, Y shaped)
48
Friends of fucus
- Kelp (laminaria)
- diatoms
49
Adaptations of fucus
- conceptacle is an adaptation to its coastal habitat, preventing the sexual organs from drying out at low tide
- tiny hairs block opening to conceptacle, reducing evaporations
- holdfasts attach to the surface to stay in one place
- pneumatocysts (air sacs) scattered throughout its body keeps the algae floating at high tide
50
Zygote
diploid cell formed when two gametes fuse
