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Last Lab Exam!!!! > Lab 11 > Flashcards

Lab 11 Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

This system Serves as a major highway for transporting substances from one location to another in the body

A

Cardiovascular system.

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2
Q

What are the effectors for altering the flow of blood (3)

A

1) sinoatrial node conducting cells (heart rate)
2) left ventricle contractile cells ( to alter stroke volume)
3) smooth muscle cells of arterioles (adjusting distribution of blood in the body)

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3
Q

What effector alters heart rate

A

Conducting cells of the sinoatrial node

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4
Q

What effector alter stroke volume

A

Contractile cells of the left ventricle

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5
Q

What effector adjusts the distribution of blood in the body

A

Smooth muscles of the arterioles

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6
Q

This will restrict blood flow

A

Vasoconstriction

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7
Q

This will increase blood flow

A

Vasodilation

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8
Q

Force of contraction is called

A

Myocardial contractility

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9
Q

Norepinephrine has what effect on the arterioles (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

A

Vasoconstriction

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10
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on arterials (vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

A

Vasodilation

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11
Q

Increased CO2, decreased O2, increased temperature, and decreased pH are local signals that lead to:

(Vasoconstriction or vasodilation)

A

Vasodilation

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12
Q

Respiration involves what three steps?

A

1) gas exchange at the cells
2) gas exchange at the lungs
3) ventilation

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13
Q

This step involves oxygen leaving and carbon dioxide entering the blood

A

Gas exchange at the cells

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14
Q

This step involves oxygen entering and carbon dioxide leaving the blood at the alveoli

A

Gas exchange at the lungs

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15
Q

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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16
Q

Gases whether a mixture or an individual gas will move down what?

A

Pressure gradients ( high to low )

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17
Q

This law states there is an inverse relationship between the pressure of gas and the volume of its container

A

Boyle’s law

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18
Q

Volume is increased and pressure is decreased what law are we referring to

A

Boyle’s law

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19
Q

The total pressure of a mixed gas is the sum of all of the partial pressures of the individual gases

(What law states)

A

Dalton’s law

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20
Q

Ventilation provides a clear example of which law?
Boyle’s or Dalton’s

A

Boyle’s law

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21
Q

When air moves out of the lungs where is pressure higher

Atmospheric or alveolar

A

Alveolar

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22
Q

What is the term that means oxygen required

A

Aerobic

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23
Q

What are the names of the aerobic pathways (2)

A

Electron transport system

Citric acid cycle

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24
Q

Where do the aerobic pathways take place in the cell

A

Mitochondria

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25
What are the names of the two anaerobic pathways
Glycolysis ATP -CP system
26
Where do the anaerobic pathways take place in the cell
Cytosol
27
Oxygen is used at the very last step of this energy pathway
Electron transport system
28
At the end of the electron transport system oxygen combines with _____ two form \_\_\_\_\_
Hydrogen And forms water
29
How do we get rid of carbon from our body
We exhale carbon dioxide
30
What energy pathway forms the carbon dioxide
Citric acid cycle
31
What is the primary structure of regulation within the lungs (respiratory effector)
Bronchioles
32
The smooth muscles of the bronchioles can Decrease the size of the airway and reduce the amount of air that can flow into and out of the lungs. Aka
Bronchonstriction
33
When smooth muscles of the bronchioles relax this causes the opening of airways that would increase the ability of air to flow into and out of the lungs
Bronchodilation
34
Under what condition would bronchodilation occur (Fight or flight or rest and digest)
Fight or flight
35
Why does bronchodilation occur during fight or flight
Allows oxygen to reach tissues of muscles faster Allows the body to get rid of excess carbon dioxide
36
Which signal molecule would bind to receptors of the bronchial smooth muscle cells to stimulate bronchodilation
Epinephrine
37
What type of signal molecule is epinephrine and what is its source
Neurohormone Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
38
What is the name of the specific receptor for epinephrine at the bronchial smooth muscle
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors
39
What condition would bronchoconstriction occur Fight or flight or rest and digest
Rest and digest
40
Why does bronchoconstriction occur during rest and digest
Airflow is not in demand when resting demand for oxygen decreases
41
Which signal molecule would bind to receptors of the bronchial smooth muscle cells to stimulate bronchoconstriction
Acetylcholine
42
What type of signal molecule is acetylcholine and what is its source
Neurotransmitter Post ganglionic parasympathetic neuron
43
What is the name of the specific receptor for acetylcholine at the bronchial smooth muscle
Muscarinic
44
These control airway diameter
Bronchioles smooth muscle
45
Skeletal muscles control _____ by contracting and relaxing rhythmically
Ventilation
46
What is the primary muscle of ventilation
Diaphragm
47
Air being drawn into the lungs is known as
Inspiration
48
Increased volume leads to decreased pressure during what (Inspiration or expiration)
Inspiration
49
Forcing air out is known as
Expiration
50
Decreased volume leads to an increase pressure during\_\_\_\_\_ (Inspiration or expiration)
Expiration
51
Which type of cells are the effectors for altering ventilation
Skeletal muscle cells Diaphragm
52
What is the efferent pathway that innervates the diaphragm during ventilation
Somatic motor neurons
53
What signal molecule would influence somatic motor neurons during ventilation
Acetylcholine
54
What is the name of the specific receptor located on the somatic motor neurons for ventilation
Nicotinic receptors
55
During the fight or flight response what would you want skeletal muscle cells that alter ventilation to do
Increase the strength and increase the rate of the contraction relaxation cycle
56
The ability to stretch is called
Compliance
57
Recoil or return from a stretch is called
Elasticity
58
The integrating center for ventilation and blood flow is
Medulla oblongata
59
Modulation of respiratory system affecters also requires contribution from a secondary brain stem integration center called
Pons
60
What is the full name of the integration center that serves both the cardiovascular and respiratory system
Medulla oblongata
61
What additional brain stem integration center is required to modulate respiratory function
Pons
62
What are the three effectors (cells and location) for the cardiovascular system
1) conducting cells of the sinoatrial node 2) contractile cells of the left ventricle 3) smooth muscle cells of arterioles
63
What are the two effectors (cells and locations) for the respiratory system
1) bronchial smooth muscle cells 2) diaphragm muscle (skeletal muscle)
64
What is the central receptor for CO2
Chemo receptors in the medulla oblongata
65
What is the peripheral sensor for CO2
Chemoreceptors on the carotid or aorta (Type 1 or glomus cells)
66
Where is the peripheral sensor for oxygen
Glomus cells in carotid artery / aorta (chemoreceptor)
67
What is the Central sensor for pH
Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata
68
What is the peripheral sensor for pH
Type 1 or glomis cells in the carotid artery / aorta ( chemoreceptor)
69
Does carbon dioxide or oxygen have a higher stimulus reaction
Carbon dioxide
70
Carbon dioxide and water in the presence of _____ \_\_\_\_\_enzyme will be converted to carbonic acid
Carbonic anhydrase
71
Carbon Dioxide + water in the presence of Carbonic anhydrase form Carbonic acid
72
CO2 + H20 ----\> H2CO3 -----\> H+ + HCO3 What is this saying
Carbon dioxide and water in the presence of carbonic anhydrase Convert to carbonic acid.
73
Excess accumulation of carbon dioxide leads to a state called
Respiratory acidosis
74
Too little carbon dioxide is associated with
Respiratory alkalosis
75
What will happen to blood carbon dioxide levels if a person holds their breath (hypoventilates) Increases or decreases
Increases
76
What will happen to blood carbon dioxide levels if a person hyperventilates Increase or decrease
Decreases
77
This trigger causes the body to accumulate carbon dioxide which will decrease a blood pH that is too alkaline
Hypoventilation
78
This trigger can cause the body to remove excess carbon dioxide increasing pH that is too acidic
Hyperventilation
79
What two systems work together to balance pH
Respiratory and urinary
80
The amount of air brought into the lungs during normal restful breathing is called
Tidal volume
81
Breathing beyond normal inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume
82
Breathing out beyond normal expiration (deep breath out)
Expiratory reserve volume
83
These are made up of one or more lung volume
Lung capacities
84
There is additional room for more air to enter exit the lungs (depend on how deeply a person breathes)
Lung volumes
85
Extra air in the lungs that can't contract is called
Residual volume
86
Total volume + inspiratory reserve volume = _____ \_\_\_\_\_
Inspiratory capacity
87
Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume = _____ \_\_\_\_\_
Vital capacity
88
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume = _____ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
Total lung capacity
89
Everything below title volume expiratory reserve volume Plus residual volume is called
Functional residual capacity
90
91
These havent been graded sooooo......
92
hasnt been graded

Last Lab Exam!!!! (4 decks)

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