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Last Lab Exam!!!! > Lab 12 > Flashcards

Lab 12 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is urine composed of

A

Substances from the blood plasma that have been filtered out

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2
Q

Nitrogenous waste by product of protein metabolism

A

Urea

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3
Q

Nitrogenous waste by product of nucleic acid metabolism

A

Uric acid

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4
Q

When oxygen is low the kidney will secrete this hormone to stimulate RBC production

A

Erythropoietin

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5
Q

The functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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6
Q

What are the three major functions of the kidney

A

Filtration

reabsorption

secretion

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7
Q

This major function of the nephron is bulk movement of fluid from the blood into the nephron

Takes place in glomerulus

A

Filtration

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8
Q

This function of the nephron is returning substances from the filtrate back to the blood

A

Reabsorption

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9
Q

This function of the nephron is movement of individual ions from the blood into the nephron tubule (H+ K+)

A

Secretion

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10
Q

The innermost layer of the glomerular filter is made up of fenestrations of of what

A

Capillary endothelium

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11
Q

The middle layer of the glomerular filter limits what can pass based on electrical charge

A

Basil lamina

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12
Q

The outermost layer of the glomerular filter creates filtration slits that limit what can pass through based on size

A

Pedicel of the podocytes

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13
Q

The fluid that leaves the blood in the glomerulus and enters the Bowman capsule

A

Filtrate

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14
Q

What can get through the filter and what can not list organic molecules that get filtered out of the blood and become part of the filtrate

A

Amino acids, glucose, lipids and nitrogenous waste

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15
Q

Which category of molecules in the plasma is prevented from passing through the glomerular filtrate

A

Protein

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16
Q

Which major component of blood ( plasma versus formed/ cellular elements)contains substances that are completely prevented from passing through the glomerular filter

A

Cellular elements

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17
Q

Most reabsorption starts here

A

Proximal tubule 65%

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18
Q

This is the only location in the tubule where organic molecules can be reabsorbed

A

Proximal tubule

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19
Q

Only water is reabsorbed in this segment of the nephron

A

Descending limb of the loop of Henley

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20
Q

Only ions are reabsorbed in this segment of the nephron

A

Ascending limb of the loop of Henle

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21
Q

The kidneys produce _____ liters of filtrate every day

Only _____ leaders is excreted from the body daily

A

1) 180

2) 1-2 liters

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22
Q

A minimum of _____ milliliters per day must be excreted to remove waste product from metabolism this is called:

A

400

Obligatory water loss

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23
Q

Water will move across a membrane to a location with more of these

A

Osmotically active solutes

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24
Q

If only water is being reabsorbed from the descending limb what happens to the concentration or osmolarity of the filtrate from the top of the limb to the bottom

A

Filtrate becomes more concentrated with osmotically active solute

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25
If only ions are being reabsorbed from the ascending limb what happens to the concentration or osmolarity of the filtrate from the bottom of the loop to the top
It becomes more diluted mixing solutes with water
26
Which must move first water from the descending limb or ions from the ascending limb and why
Ions from the ascending limb
27
Water and ions are reabsorbed in the (what two parts of the nephron)
Distal Convoluted tubule Collecting duct
28
This section of the nephron is where urine is concentrated and water is conserved to prevent dehydration
Collecting duct
29
When potassium levels are too high in the body
Hyperkalemia
30
When potassium levels are too low in the body
Hypokalemia
31
If the nephron is the effector what are the stimuli list all that apply
Changes in blood pressure Changes in total blood volume
32
These three hormones play the role of efferent pathway in a feedback loop targeting the cells of the collecting ducts and other related cells
1) vasopressin 2) aldosterone 3) atrial natriuretic hormone
33
This hormone is also called antidiuretic An increases water reabsorption
Vasopressin
34
This hormone increases sodium reabsorption An increases potassium secretion
Aldosterone
35
This hormone is an antagonist to both aldosterone and vasopressin Reduces water and salt reabsorption Increases water excretion
Atrial natriuretic hormone
36
The evaluation of the content of urine is called
Urinalysis
37
Test of color and clarity can be used as a rough test of content using this examination
Visual examination
38
This provides a quick test for substances that should not be present in the urine (glucose protein blood cells)
Dipsticks or chemical reagent test strips
39
This test provides a visual examination of the actual content of urine
Microscopic analysis
40
Urine is spun in a _____ to separate the liquid from the solid substances
Centrifuge
41
Once spun urines heavier substances will fall to the bottom while the liquid called ______ remains above
Supernatant
42
List seven causes of cloudy urine
1) Increase cells white blood cells or red blood cells 2) numerous crystals 3) bacteria 4) lipidoria 5) mucus 6) semen 7) fecal contamination
43
What is the normal odor of urine
Slightly nutty
44
What is the normal color of urine
Pale to dark yellow
45
List three possible causes of low specific gravity
1) drinking excess fluids 2) severe kidney 3) diuretics
46
List three possible causes of high specific gravity
1) not drinking enough liquid 2) loss of too much liquid through vomit sweat or diarrhea 3) substances such as sugar or protein in urine
47
List four possible causes of high/alkaline pH
1) prolonged vomiting 2) kidney disease 3) urinary tract infection 4) asthma
48
List eight possible causes of low/ acidic pH
1) emphysema. 2) uncontrolled diabetes 3) aspirin overdose 4) prolonged diarrhea 5) dehydration. 6) starvation 7) excess alcohol intake 8) drinking antifreeze
49
What are the three most common causes of proteinuria
1) urinary tract inflammation 2) hematuria 3) glomerular disease
50
What is the technical name for the condition of glucose in the urine
Glycosuria
51
List five causes of high ketones in the blood
1) poorly controlled diabetes 2) very low carb diet 3) starvation 4) alcoholism 5) poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol
52
What causes high nitrates in the urine
Bacteria, gram-negative rods ( e coli )
53
Which two protein molecules are actually detected in the blood measurement
1) hemoglobin | 2) myoglobin
54
What is the cause of high urobilinogen
Hemolysis of erythrocytes to the point that the liver can't process bilirubin
55
List four types of material that can be found in the urine when examined under the microscope
1) microorganisms 2) cells 3) crystals 4) cast and fibers
56
What is the name of the condition of red blood cells in the urine
Hematuria
57
List six possible causes of red blood cells in the urine
1) glomerular damage 2) kidney trauma 3) urinary tract infection 4) blood toxins 5) physical stress 6) menstruation
58
What is the name of the condition of abnormal numbers of white blood cells in the urine
Pyuria
59
List five conditions that cast can indicate
1) inflammation / damage to nephrons in the kidneys 2) poor blood supply to kidneys 3) metal poisoning ( lead or Mercury ) 4) heart failure 5) bacterial infection
60
List three conditions that can be indicated by the presence of crystals in urine
1) kidney stones 2) metabolism issues 3) medications
61
What metabolic by-product from hemoglobin colors urine yellow
Bilirubin
62
How can adequate water intake be judged by the color of urine
Over hydrated = clear Dehydrated = concentrated dark
63
What is hematuria
Red blood cells in the urine
64
What is ketoneuria
Large amounts of ketones in the urine found in patients with diabetes mellitus and patients who are starving
65
Elevated levels of white blood cells produce what condition in urine
Pyuria
66
What cells can be found in urine that come from the urethra or bladder
Squamous epithelial cells

Last Lab Exam!!!! (4 decks)

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