Lab 13:Urinary System

Question 1

The superficial layer of the kidney

Answer 1

Renal Cortex

Question 2

This is the inner later of the kideny

Answer 2

Renal Medulla

Question 3

These are a series of darker, conical regions found in the renal medulla. The majority of the tubules of the nephrons occur in these regions.

Answer 3

Renal Pyramid

Question 4

These are inward extensions of the renal cortex that separate the renal pyramids.

Answer 4

Renal Columns

Question 5

These are the tips at the base of the renal pyramids which project into a minor calyx. These structures drain urine from the pyramids into the minor calyxes.

Answer 5

Renal Papillae

Question 6

A cup shaped cavity at the base of the renal papillae , which drains urine from the renal papillae into the major calyxes.

Answer 6

Minor Calyx

Question 7

The cavity formed by the convergence of several minor calyxes into the renal pelvis.

Answer 7

Major Calyx

Question 8

A funnel shaped cavity formed by the convergence of the major calyxes, which collects urine from the major calyxes and joins the ureter.

Answer 8

Renal Pelvis

Question 9

A tube which conducts urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

Answer 9

Ureter

Question 10

The connective tissue covering the external surface of the kidney.

Answer 10

Renal Artery

Question 11

The vessel which carries unoxygenated and filtered blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava

Answer 11

Renal Vein

Question 12

Urine is normally sterile, there fore the presence of these in the urine suggests an infection in the urinary tract.

Answer 12

Leukocytes

Question 13

The presence of this compound indicates a probable urinary tract infection, because it is formed when bacteria in the urine change nitrate to this.

Answer 13

Nitrite

Question 14

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the urine. Many factors such as drug, diet, time of day, and health affect this in urine.

Answer 14

pH

Question 15

These are large molecules and are not normally filtered by the kidney, but those that are, are reabsorbed. Acute causes may include severe emotional stress, strenuous exercise, or fever. Chronic causes may include diabetes, malaria, heart disease, high blood pressure, sickle cell anemia, or even pregnancy.

Answer 15

Protein

Question 16

Usually this is reabsorbed by the kidney. However, when this has very high levels it can indicate diabetes mellitus, kidney damage, or stress.

Answer 16

Glucose

Question 17

These are produced when fat is metabolized for energy. A large amount of these in the urine may indicate a low carbohydrate diet, starvation, or diabetic ketoacidosis(a life threatening chemical imbalance which occurs in people with diabetes).

Answer 17

Ketones

Question 18

This compound forms from the breakdown of bilirubin. It is eliminated from the body through the bile, into the digestive tract. Usually only small amounts of this is found in urine. The presence of this in the urine may indicate liver damage or blockage of the flow of bile from the gallbladder.

Answer 18

Urobilinogen

Question 19

This compound is formed from the breakdown of red blood cells. It is not normally found in urine. Its presence may indicate liver damage, or blockage of the flow of bile from the gallbladder.

Answer 19

Bilirubin

Question 20

This is normally not filtered by the kidney because they are too large to pass through the glomerulus. The presence of this in the urine indicates damage to the kidney caused by inflammation, kidney stones, kidney disease, or blunt trauma.

Answer 20

Blood

Question 21

These in the urine result from sloughing off of epithelium from urinary tract. Presence of these in urine may indicate inflammation of the urinary tract or disease.

Answer 21

Cells

Question 22

These are hardened proteins and cells which can form plugs in the shape of the distal convoluted renal tubule. They form in very acidic urine.

Answer 22

Casts

Question 23

These form when minerals crystalize in the urine. They may indicate kidney stones or a metabolic problem.

Answer 23

Crystals

Question 24

These are rough cuboidal cells which slough off from the lining of the ureters, urinary bladder, and renal pelvis of the kidneys.

Answer 24

Transitional epithelial cells

Question 25

These are flat nucleated cells which slough off from the lining of the urethra.

Answer 25

Sqamous epithelial cells

Question 26

The red blood cells found in urine, the presence of which may indicate kidney damage.

Answer 26

Erythrocytes

Question 27

The nucleated white blood cells, the presence of which may indicate a urinary tract infection.

Answer 27

Leukocytes

Question 28

A precipitate of red blood cells in the shape of a tubule or duct.

Answer 28

Erythrocyte cast

Question 29

A precipitate of white blood cells in the shape of a tubule or duct

Answer 29

Leukocyte cast

Question 30

A precipitate of cells which remained in the duct but degenerated into this.

Answer 30

Granular cast

Question 31

A cast composed of RBCs, WBCs, and oval fat droplets.

Answer 31

Hyaline casts

Question 32

Greenish crystals usually in the shape of an octahedron.

Answer 32

Calcium oxalate

Question 33

Yellow to reddish brown crystals, highly polymorphic in shape.

Answer 33

Uric acid

Question 34

These crystals have various forms, including six to eight sided prisms appearing in single or a rosette shape.

Answer 34

Calcium phosphate