Lab 14

Question 1

Flight has evolved independently among vertebrates ___ times in ____

Answer 1

three

Pterosaurs, Birds, and Bats

Question 2

Birds are believed to have descended directly from _____ dinosaurs

Answer 2

theropod

Question 3

Because the bones that make up wings have common evolutionary origins they are said to be

Answer 3

homologous

Question 4

Wings themselves are considered ____ structures

Answer 4

analogous

Question 5

Glide down from trees

Answer 5

Arboreal

Question 6

Flapping to jump up

Answer 6

Cursorial

Question 7

To fly animals must generate ___ forces greater than their own mass

Answer 7

lift

Question 8

Animals must generate ___ in order to propel themselves

Answer 8

thrust

Question 9

Without thrust ____ forces would slow the animal down enough to reduce lift and cause stalling

Answer 9

drag

Question 10

In biological systems flight can be divided into two basic categories

Answer 10

gliding/soaring

flapping/powered

Question 11

A curved wing surface presented to an airstream acts as an ____ becuase of the difference in airflow above and below the object

Answer 11

airfoil

Question 12

Wing has an elongated fourth digit

Answer 12

Pterosaur wing

Question 13

Win has flight feathers supported by forearm and 2nd digit

Answer 13

Bird wings

Question 14

Wing has stretched skin between elongated digits

Answer 14

Bat wings

Question 15

Lift relies on a smooth air flow over the wing called

Answer 15

laminar flow

Question 16

The speed at which stalling occurs can be lowered by placing a ___ along the leading edge of the wing

Answer 16

wing slot

Question 17

A group of small feathers on the first digit

Answer 17

alula

Question 18

___ occurs between the primary feathers

Answer 18

slotting

Question 19

Flying reptiles that existed from Triassic-Cretaceous. Hollow air-filled bones, keeled breastbone. Wing formed by membrane stretched from thorax to 4th digit.

Answer 19

Pterosaur

Question 20

To increase lift, you increase the ___ but this causes turbulence

Answer 20

angle of attack

Question 21

Solution to turbulence is to add a ___ this increases laminar flow

Answer 21

wing slot

Question 22

The presence hair may indicate that some Pterosaurs were

Answer 22

endothermic

Question 23

Pterosaurs are divided into two groups ___ have small long tails and lack a bony head crest _____ range in size, have short tails, bony head crest

Answer 23

rhamphorhynchoid

pterodactyloids

Question 24

Young feed and move on own shortly after birth

Answer 24

Precocial young

Question 25

Young require immediate parental care

Answer 25

Altricial young

Question 26

Presence of feathers beak with no teeth, 4 chambered heart, endothermic, lay hard shelled eggs

Answer 26

Birds Class Aves

Question 27

Name the Dino-like and Bird-like characteristics of Archaeopteryx

Answer 27

Dino-like: teeth, flat sternum, long bony tail, claws | Bird-like: feathers, furcula, limited flight

Question 28

Fused sections of the spine and shoulder and hip girdles form a ____

Answer 28

sturdy frame

Question 29

Wing design allows for slow speed and high maneuverability

Answer 29

elliptical wings

Question 30

Wing design allows for high speed, low maneuverability at low speed

Answer 30

swept wing

Question 31

Wing design lacks wing slots ad are adapted for high speed, high lift, and soaring

Answer 31

soaring wings

Question 32

Wing design of predators that carry heavy loads

Answer 32

High lift wings

Question 33

Another name for the wishbone is the

Answer 33

furcula

Question 34

The ___ is responsible for the downstroke of the wing

Answer 34

pectoralis

Question 35

The ___ is responsible for lifting the wing

Answer 35

Supracoracoideus

Question 36

Birds have a ___ lobed liver

Answer 36

two/bi

Question 37

Bats are in the order ___ which means hand-wing

Answer 37

Chiroptera

Question 38

The majority of bats are ___ the rest are ___ and ____ or ____

Answer 38

insectivores frugivores nectivores blood feeders

Question 39

All microchiropterans use ____ whereas most megachiroptera do not

Answer 39

echolocation

Question 40

Microchiropterans use their ___ to produce the sounds used in echolocation

Answer 40

larynx

Question 41

The megachiroptera that do use echolocation produce the sound with their

Answer 41

tongues

Question 42

All north american bats are ____

Answer 42

Microchiropterans

Question 43

Most megachiroptera are ___ and are active ___

Answer 43

frugivores | active during the day