Lab 2 - Histology of Cells Flashcards
Epithelial Cell
- Protective, secretory or absorptive surface
- Movement of substances into and out of body
- Found at lining and coverings in the body
Red blood cells
- Bind to oxygen in lungs and carry it to tissues = exchanged for CO2
White blood cells
Identify, capture and eliminate invading pathogens or foreign particles.
Osteoblasts
- OSTEO = BONE
- Bone – producing cells
- Present in bone marrow and other connective tissues
- Synthesize and secrete collagen fibres, and other organic components – used to build extracellular matrix of bone tissue and initiate calcification.
Fibroblasts
- Large, flat branching support cells present in most connective tissue
- Secrete fibres e.g. collagen and some ground substance component of extracellular matrix.
- Wound healing
- Structural framework for tissues
Skeletal muscle cells
- Found attached to skeleton via tendons, or through connective tissue sheet
- Voluntary control - contract and relax
Smooth muscle cells
- Found in walls of internal organs, blood vessels and internal muscles of eye
- Involuntary
- Helps to propel and expel liquid within and from the body
- Helps to regulate diameter of blood vessels
Nerve cells
- Main functional cells of nervous system
- Have long extensions – sensitive to external stimuli = respond to, and communicate information through electrical and chemical signals
Sperm cell
- Found in the male
- Travel to and fertilize ovum
Ovum
- Found in female
- Fuse with sperm cell and form zygote
How do oxygen and CO2 transport across cell membrane and why
Passively
Have no charge
Name three types of integral proteins and examples of these molecules/ions
- Carrier protein
- Protein channel
- Receptor proteins
- Glucose, Sodium and Potassium
If an integral protein requires energy to transport a molecule across the plasma membrane, it is described as….
Active transport
Why do we have cholesterol in our plasma membrane?
Maintain structural stability and fluidity.
- If temperature too low phospholipids prevent them packing close together and if the temperature is too high, it holds phospholipids together.
Which component of the plasma membrane is vital for restoring membrane integrity if the membrane is damaged? and explain how and why it maintains integrity.
Phospholipid bilayer - amphipathic property…
If membrane is damaged it will automatically reform into a bilayer - hyrdophilic heads face out attracting water and hydrophobic tails face away from water repelling it..
IN WATER PHOSPHOLIPIDS AUTOMATICALLY FORM BILAYER DUE TO THIS NATURE
What makes up the glycocalyx, and what function does it serve?
- Sugar coating attached to it, the carbohydrates
- Cell recognition and adhesion – glue
What does the cytoplasm consist of
- Cytosol
- Cytoskeleton
- Inclusions
- Membrane bound organelles
What is the cytoskeleton
Skeleton of cell composed of protein filaments scattered throughout the cytoplasm
What are the 3 type of protein filaments in the cytoskeleton
- Actin filaments
- Intermediate filaments
- Microtubules
What are actin filaments
- Thinnest and shortest
- Thin strands of actin monomers twisted in helix
- Edge of cytoplasm
- Found in muscle cells - movement
- Mechanical support - give shape and strength to cells e,g. integral proteins
What are intermediate filaments
- Thicker than actin
- Very tough and durable - more stable and strong than others
- Prominent in places with mechanical stress
- Rapidly from and fall apart
- Takes up most of cytoskeleton
- Basket around nucleus and extends outwards
- Anchors organelles in places in cell
- Keratin - waterproof barrier
What are microtubules
- Thickest and longest
- Long tubes of tubulin proteins arranged into long tubes - twisted
- Contribute to cell shape and structure
- Facilitate movement of organelles - found in places where you want something extracellular to move around - e.g. tracheae - mucus - trap dirt, photoreceptors - cilia - move
What does the nucleus consist of
- Nucleolus - makes ribosomes
- Nuclear envelope - double membrane around nucleus
- Nucleoplasm - jelly like fluid containing dissolved ions, nutrients and other solutes.
- Chromatin - makes up chromosomes - contains genetic info
Mitochondria
- Most abundant
- Produces energy
- ATP - aerobic respiration - glycloysis
- 0.1 - 0.2 micrometres
