Lab 5 - Online Anatomy - Organ systems and reviewing tissue types

Question 1

What are the two types of sweat glands

Answer 1

• Merocrine glands

- Epocrine glands

Question 2

Mode of secretion for Merocrine glands

Answer 2

Exocytosis

Question 3

Mode of secretion for Apocrine glands

Answer 3

Exocytosis

Question 4

Where are Merocrine glands found

Answer 4

In Dermis

Question 5

Where are Apocrine glands found

Answer 5

In armpits and area between anus and genitalia

Question 6

What is the role of the skeletal system in relation to the urinary system

Answer 6

Ribs protect kidney from external trauma

Protects bladder

Question 7

What is relationship between urinary system and reproductive system

Answer 7

Genetic information combined back into uterus

Question 8

What is the effector in lactation and which are the control center organs

Answer 8

Oxytocin hormone

Question 9

What type of gland is the mammary gland, and what is its mode of secretion?

Answer 9

Modified sweat gland

Merocrine and Exocrine

Question 10

What is the stimulus for lactation?

Answer 10

Sucking

Question 11

How does thermoregulation show negative feedback

Answer 11

Peripheral thermoreceptors detect increase in body temp
Information sent to hypothalamus
Effectors
Blood vessels respond with vasodilation to increase heat loss
Sweat glands - produce sweat to increase water evaporation and heat loss

Question 12

Epidermis

Answer 12

• The outermost layer of skin
• Rich in keratin – tough and strong – cells not damaged
  Contains 4 different cell types…. Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans Cells and Merkel cells.
• Forms a waterproof barrier between internal and external environment – resists friction, water loss and microbial invasion
• Continuously divide so they can replace each other – replenishing epidermis
• Receives nutrients that diffuse through tissue fluid.
• Does not contain any blood vessels, but receives nourishment instead from the capillaries in the dermis below.

Question 13

Dermis

Answer 13

• Dense irregular collagen rich connective tissue.

• Vascularised – lots of O2 and nutrients
• Lies beneath epidermis and is much thicker compared to it
• Attached to the underlying hypodermis
• Contains two types of fibers: Collagen fibers and elastic fibers.
• Provides it with nutrients for epidermal growth and plays a role in thermoregulation
• Contains macrophages - prevent pathogen invasion
• Connective tissue: Pliability and strength of skin and resistance to stretching forces ( collagen Elastic fibers – recoil properties

Question 14

Hypodermis

Answer 14

-Composed of connective tissue that contains fat, blood vessels and sensory receptors.
• Insulator
• Stores adipose tissue
• Protective cushion

Question 15

Sweat gland

Answer 15

Secrete salt and water as sweat, the evaporation of which helps to lower body temperature.

Question 16

Hair Follicle

Answer 16

• A sac which the hair grows from and where the sebaceous gland opens from
• Follicle lined by cells that are from epidermal layer of skin

Question 17

Sebaceous gland

Answer 17

• Produces sebum – oily secretion – prevents the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle

Question 18

Functions of urinary system

Answer 18

• Regulates blood Ph –Hydrogen ions are excreted in variable amounts that directly increase or decrease blood pH and the concentration of bicarbonate ions – important pH buffer can be altered
• Regulating blood ionic composition – kidneys regulating concentration of various ions in the blood including sodium, potassium e.t.c..
• Maintenance of blood osmolarity – kidneys do this through independent regulation of solutes and water .
• Regulates blood pressure – regulated by the kidney through secretion and subsequent activity of renin – changes in concentration of this = changes in blood pressure. Higher renin – higher bp.
• Regulation of blood glucose: When blood glucose levels fall, kidneys synthesize new glucose molecules via gluconeogenesis = blood glucose levels to rise again
• Excretion of waste and toxins – urine produced by removing unwanted waste products from body

Question 19

Arrector pilli muscle:

Answer 19

• formed by smooth muscle cells which extend from the hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis.
• it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and has a major role in thermoregulation (ie causing hair to stand up)

Question 20

Pacinian corpuscle:

Answer 20

• Large oval structure located throughout dermis, in subcutaneous, deeper region
• Adapts rapidly to stimuli and involved in sensing pressure.

Question 21

What is histology:

Answer 21

A 2D representation of a complex 3D structure

Question 22

Which organ system are the adrenal glands apart of:

Answer 22

Endocrine system

Question 23

Which hormone types released by the adrenal glands:

Answer 23

Androgens – converted to testosterone and oestrogens by gonads – part of reproductive
System. Regulate reproductive system, muscular system, nervous system and respiratory system

Question 24

Role of adrenal glands:

Answer 24

• Regulate metabolism
• Immune system function
• Response to stress

Question 25

Where are the adrenal glands located:

Answer 25

On the superior surface of each kidney

Question 26

What are the adrenal glands composed of:

Answer 26

Three tissue regions:  Capsule ( made up of connective tissue )  Outer cortex  Inner medulla

Question 27

What does kidney do:

Answer 27

* Excrete metabolic waste | * Regulate water volume

Question 28

What does ureter do:

Answer 28

Takes urine from kidney to bladder

Question 29

What is urinary bladder:

Answer 29

Temporary urine storage:

Question 30

What is role of urethra:

Answer 30

Tube which you pee through

Question 31

Do feedback systems only involve nervous regulation…

Answer 31

NO | Use electrical through neurons and chemical through hormones

Question 32

What is the components of a feedback loop in order:

Answer 32

1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Control centre 4. Effector

Question 33

Which methods does the body use to maintain homeostasis:

Answer 33

Positive and negative feedback

Question 34

Match each of the following components of a feedback loop with an appropriate example:

Answer 34

``` Component Example control centre ion concentration stimulus mechanoreceptors receptor hypothalamus effector organs ```

Question 35

Examples of positive feedback loops:

Answer 35

During labour: * A hormone called oxytocin is released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. * The increase in contractions causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. * The birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism. Blood clotting: • Once a vessel is damaged, platelets start to cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets. • The platelets continue to pile up and release chemicals until a clot is formed.