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Anatomy & Physiology I > Lab 2 Terms > Flashcards

Lab 2 Terms Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Cells

A

the building blocks of all living organisms.

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2
Q

Cytology

A

the study of cells

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3
Q

Organelle

A

“little organs” carry out functions of cell

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4
Q

Sex Cells

A

sperm & egg cells

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5
Q

Somatic Cells

A

all other body cells (except sex cells)

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division of somatic cells

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7
Q

Meiosis

A

nuclear division of sex cells

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8
Q

Diploid

A

normal somatic number of chromosomes (46)

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9
Q

Haploid

A

half the diploid number of chromosomes (23) egg and sperm contain the haploid chromosome number due to meiosis

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

coils of DNA

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11
Q

Chromatid

A

one strand of a double stranded chromosome

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12
Q

Centromere

A

center of a chromosome

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13
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA

A

nucleic acid containing cellular information

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14
Q

Cell (plasma) membrane

A

Provides form to cell and controls passage of materials into and out of cell

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15
Q

Cytosol Gel

A

like material inside cell through which materials diffuse

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16
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol and organelles

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17
Q

Nucleus

A

Directs cell activity, contains DNA and RNA, controls metabolism, stores and processes genetic information; controls protein synthesis

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense area found within nucleus, forms ribosomes

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19
Q

Mitochondria (sing. Mitochondrion)

A

“Powerhouse” of the cell; produces ATP which provides energy for cellular metabolism

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20
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Membranous flattened channels and canal-like structures found throughout cytosol, provides transport of substances, synthesizes proteins and other products

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21
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Ribosomes are attached to the surface of the membrane giving the ER a “rough appearance”, contains newly synthesized proteins

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22
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains no ribosomes, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened sacs with vacuoles, synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion

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25
Lysosomes
Membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes used to break down damaged cell parts and foreign substances; sometimes called “suicide bags” due to the fact that when lysosomes rupture within the cell, they destroy it.
26
Peroxisomes
Membranous vesicles containing enzymes that degrade and neutralize toxic compounds; smaller than lysosomes
27
Cilia
Short, membranous extensions of the cell which move materials over the cell surface
28
Flagella
Long, membranous extensions of the cell which provide means of movement for sperm
29
Microtubules
Hollow, slender, cylindrical structures which provide strength and support and assist in movement of cellular structures and material
30
Microfilaments
Solid, rodlike structure containing the protein actin which provide structural support and assist cell movement
31
Microvilli
Membrane extensions which contain microfilaments; increase surface area
32
Centriole
Composed of 9 triplet microtubules, assist in movement of chromosomes during cell division; form basal body of cilia and flagella
33
Centrosome
Cytoplasm containing two centrioles at right angles
34
Nucleic acids
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T); A-T, C-G; Uracil (U) is found only in RNA, replaces (T)
35
Mitosis
the division of somatic (body) cell nuclei
36
Interphase
growth and DNA replication
37
Prophase
threads of chromatin become tightly coiled and condense into chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down
38
Metaphase
the chromosomes meet in the middle
39
Anaphase
the chromosomes pull apart
40
Telophase
the chromosomes are at each pole of the cell and once again become threadlike chromatin, nuclear membrane reforms
41
Cytokinesis
the cell pinches in the middle, produces two identical daughter cells
42
Basement Membrane
the layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue
43
Cilia
(sing. Cilium; L. eyelid, eyelash) short processes extending form the surface of some cells; often capable of producing a rhythmic paddling motion. Some epithelial cells possess cilia, which are fingerlike projections that help propel materials past the cell.
44
Flagella
(sing. Flagellum; L. “whip”) Threadlike appendages of certain cells, usually numbering no more than one or two per cell; used to propel the cell through a fluid environment. The “tail” of a human sperm cell is actually a flagellum.
45
Pseudostratified
tissue appears to be multilayered but is really only one layer of cells. Pseudo (falsely) stratified cells are actually only one layer of cells but they look as if they are composed of more than one layer of cells.
46
Simple
single layer of cells
47
Stratified
two or more layers of cells
48
Epithelial Tissue
covers all the surfaces of the body, including the external surfaces, the inner lining of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems, and the dorsal and ventral body cavities. Types: 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar 4. Transitional 5. Goblet
49
Connective Tissue
serves to bind or support the organs and is the most widely distributed tissue in the body. Types: 1. Loose connective tissue 2. Adipose tissue 3. Dense connective tissue 4. Elastic connective tissue 5. Blood 6. Cartilage 7. Bone
50
Muscle Tissue
is characterized by irritability, excitability, elasticity, and contractility. Contractile fibrils in the cells enable the tissue to shorten, generating a force, and producing movement. Types: 1. Skeletal (look for striations) 2. Smooth (no striations) 3. Cardiac (look for striations plus intercalated discs)
51
Striation
transverse bands
52
Intercalated disc
specialized cell junctions between heart muscle cells that facilitate the passing of an impulse from one heart cell to the next
53
Nervous Tissue
serves to coordinate systems in the body. Types: 1. Neuron (nerve cell) 2. Neuroglia (supporting cells)
54
Compound Light Microscope
uses a series of lenses and a light source
55
Stereoscopic or (Dissecting) Microscope
used to view objects in 3-dimensions
56
Micro-video System
(uses a compound light microscope with a video camera attached)
57
Photographic microscope
(uses a compound light microscope with a camera attached to produce a photomicrograph)
58
Phase-contrast microscope
filters out certain light rays to view certain structures better (especially clear objects)
59
Scanning electron microscope
shines a beam of electrons across the surface of an object in a vacuum that gives an image of surface and dimensions of an object
60
Transmission electron microscope
uses electrons in a vacuum to view ultra-thinly slice objects that have been treated with heavy metal salts to improve contrast
61
Ocular Lens
eyepiece
62
Pointer
found in ocular lens, can be moved by turning the eyepiece
63
Body Tube
holds nosepiece and eyepiece
64
Nosepiece
holds and moves objective lenses
65
Objective Lenses
series of 4 lenses with increasing magnification 4X - scanning objective 10X - low-power objective 40X - high-power objective 100X - oil-immersion objective (only microbiology students are allowed to use this lens)
66
Stage
flat surface that supports slides
67
Iris Diaphragm
lever or dial under the stage that regulates the amount of light going through the specimen
68
Condenser
a series of lenses that you can move up and down to condense and clarify the light shining through the object
69
Base
supports microscope
70
Coarse adjustment knob
large knob found on both sides of microscope that moves stage; use ONLY with low-power objective lens (4X)
71
Fine adjustment knob
small knob found within the coarse adjustment knob; used to bring object into final focus
72
Field of view
the circle that you see when you look through the ocular lens
73
Working distance
the space between the slide and the objective
74
Resolving power
the capacity to distinguish between two adjacent points

Anatomy & Physiology I (11 decks)

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