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BRL Practical > Lab 2: The Scientific Method > Flashcards

Lab 2: The Scientific Method Flashcards

1
Q

What is discovery science?

A

Discovery science uses large amounts of data or surveys of natural systems to discover patterns and correlations. Discovery science may be considered as the first step of hypothesis-driven science.

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2
Q

What is a scientific hypothesis?

A

When a pattern is identified (often through discovery science), a scientist desires to understand its cause. A statement that intends to explain the cause of a pattern or relationship is a scientific hypothesis.

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3
Q

What is hypothesis-driven science?

A

Hypothesis-driven science utilizes what is generally referred to as the scientific method, a series of steps a scientist uses to develop knowledge. When a pattern is identified, a scientist desires to understand its cause.

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4
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. The Problem or Observation
  2. Collection of Background Information
  3. State the Hypothesis
  4. State Predictions
  5. Testing Predictions
  6. Drawing Conclusions
  7. Reporting Conclusions
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5
Q

What happens if even one prediction is wrong?

A

If any prediction is wrong, then logically there is something wrong with the hypothesis. For the hypothesis to be accepted, none of the predictions can be incorrect.

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6
Q

What happens if all of the predictions are right?

A

The hypothesis is likely to be correct; however, it has not been proven correct.

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7
Q

Can a hypothesis ever really be proven?

A

The never-ending possibility of additional new predictions that could be incorrect means that hypotheses can never be proven.

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8
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Inductive reasoning uses specific information and observations to form a general principle or statement. This is how a hypothesis is formed.

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9
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Deductive reasoning is working from a general principle to make specific statements. This is how predictions are formed.

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10
Q

What three variables must be considered in experimental design?

A

The independent variable, the dependent variable, and the controlled variables.

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11
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The independent variable is the parameter that is changed by the researcher.

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12
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The dependent variable is the parameter that responds to changes in the independent variable and is the variable that is measured by the researcher.

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13
Q

What is the controlled variable?

A

The controlled variables are other factors that can affect the dependent variable and, thus, must be kept constant (or controlled) by the researcher so that only the effect of the independent variable is measured.

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14
Q

What two types of groups are needed in a controlled experiment?

A

An experimental group and a control group.

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15
Q

What is an experimental group?

A

The group in which the independent variable is added and/or changed.

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16
Q

What is the control group?

A

The control group is the group in which the independent variable is either not included or is kept constant in its natural state.

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17
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Qualitative data is descriptive rather than a measure, not conductive to statistical analysis.

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18
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Numerical measure like height, weight, distance. Precise and unambiguous. Scientists can use statistics to analyze differences between groups.

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19
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure.

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20
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Covalent/peptide bonds

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21
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Hydrogen bonds not at R groups

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23
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

Only if more than one peptide forms the protein

24
Q

Do all proteins have all four levels of structure?

A

All proteins have primary, secondary and tertiary structures, but not all have quaternary structures as they do not have multiple protein subunits (some proteins function as single units).

25
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are organic catalysts that work by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to take place. The enzyme binds to a substrate, which is the substance the enzyme acts on. The enzyme changes the substrate (cleaving it, putting back together, etc) into the product, the substance that forms as a result of an enzyme catalyzed reaction. Most enzymes are highly specific and only catalyze one or a few chemical reactions.

26
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The substance the enzyme acts on. The substrate binds to a region on the enzyme called the active site to form the enzyme-substrate complex.

27
Q

What is temperature?

A

The average kinetic energy of the particles, regardless of volume.

28
Q

Why is temperature important to enzymes?

A

Temperature is important when determining the rate of reaction.

29
Q

How do you calculate pH?

A

-log [H+] (-log of the hydrogen ion concentration)

30
Q

What is Cytochrome C Oxidase?

A

An oxidase capable of converting reduced cytochrome c to oxidized cytochrome c.

31
Q

What is an oxidase?

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of electrons from other molecules.

32
Q

What color is reduced cytochrome c?

A

Pink

33
Q

What color is oxidized cytochrome c?

A

Dark red

34
Q

Why is Cytochrome C Oxidase highly conserved among organisms?

A

It is in the electron transport chain and is required for mitochrondrial respiration.

35
Q

What is the rate? How do enzymes affect the rate?

A

The change is quantity per unit time (e.g. heart rate in beats per minute). Enzymes increase the amount of product formed in a time period, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. As the cytochrome c oxidase reaction proceeds, the substrate (reduced cytochrome c), which is pink, will be oxidized into the product (oxidized cytochrome c), which is red. You will measure and compare the rate of reaction as the amount of color change over a specified time period.

36
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction?

A

Reaction Rate= |Absorbance final - Absorbance initial |/ Time final - Time initial

37
Q

On a pH scale of 0 to 14, a value of 0 is the most _______, and a value of 14 is the most ________.

A

A value of 0 is the most acidic, and a value of 14 is the most basic.

38
Q

What is the Biuret method?

A

A test that allows you to evaluate the concentration of protein present in a solution.

39
Q

LabQuest pH Probe Steps

A
  1. Plug the pH Sensor into Channel 1 of the LabQuest.
  2. Check that the caps on Unknown pH Buffers A, B and C are screwed on tightly, then invert 5-6 times to mix properly.
  3. Remove the pH sensor from the storage bottle. Rinse the tip of the sensor thoroughly with distilled water. Gently blot off any extra moisture with a Kimwipe.
  4. Place the tip of the probe into the unknown pH buffer A. Submerge the sensor tip to a depth of 3-4cm. Before collecting data wait for the pH probe to stabilize to the new environment.
  5. Begin data collection by pressing play. Collect data for at least 10 seconds. Leave the probe tip submerged for the 10 seconds that data is being collected.
  6. When the sampling run is complete, stop data collection by pressing stop.
  7. Go to Analyze in the menubar at the top of the screen and select Statistics from the drop down menu. Select your run.
  8. Repeat steps 2-6 with the other unknown pH buffers.
40
Q

Effect of pH on rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

A

If pH is high, enzyme catalyzed reactions will increase/happen quickly. If pH is low, enzyme catalyzed reactions will slow or stop.

41
Q

What is a population?

A

Entire group of organisms or objects.

42
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of members selected from the population for observation.

43
Q

What are the two branches of statistics in this course?

A

Descriptive and inferential statistics.

44
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Descriptive statistics are used to describe and summarize data. For large amounts of data, descriptive statistics reduces the data to a manageable form. It includes measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, and distributions.

45
Q

What are measures of central tendency?

A

Measures of central tendency are numerical summaries that describe the central position in a set of data. The three measures are mean, median, and mode.

46
Q

What is the mean?

A

The sum of all values in a data set divided by the number of values in the data set.

47
Q

What is the median?

A

The median is the middle value in a set of data that is ordered from lowest to highest, such that half of the values in the data set are below the median and half are above it.

48
Q

What is the mode?

A

The value that occurs most frequently in a data set.

49
Q

What measure of central tendency is best when outliers are present?

A

The median.

50
Q

What are measures of dispersion?

A

Numerical summaries that describe the variability, or spread, of the values in the data set. These measures include the range, variance, and standard deviation.

51
Q

What is the range?

A

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.

52
Q

What are the standard deviations and variance?

A

Both describe the variability in the data with respect to the mean and include all values in the data set. They increase as the dispersion in the data set gets larger.

53
Q

What are distributions?

A

They describe the frequency of each value, or set of values, in the sample.

54
Q

What is a normal distribution function?

A

Also known as the bell-shaped curve. It is symmetrical around the mean, and the median and mean are equal.

55
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Inferential statistics are used to make estimates are draw conclusions, or inferences, about the population based on the sample. Can be used to compare two groups and draw conclusions about them. Inferential statistics provides methods for generalizing the sample data to the larger population from which the sample was selected.

56
Q

What is a T-test?

A

An inferential statistic used to determine if the difference between the means of two samples is significantly different. This comparison of the sample means taking into account differences between the sample variances and sample sizes. The t-test is generally used when samples follow a normal distribution. The t-test provides a p-value.

57
Q

What is a p-value?

A

The probability that the difference between the sample means has occurred strictly by chance; that there is no significant difference between the means of the two samples. For example, if the p-value is 0.05, there is a 5% probability that the difference between the two means is due to chance. Thus, the smaller the p-value, the more confident we are that the difference between the two means is real. In this course, we will conclude that the difference between the means is not statistically significant if the p-value is greater than 0.05. Conversely, if the p-value is less than 0.05, then there is a real difference between the means of the samples; the difference is statistically significant.

BRL Practical (7 decks)

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