LAB #3 Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

What is the title of experiment number 3

A

Extraction and recrystallization

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2
Q

A process that selectively dissolves one or more compounds into an appropriate solvent the resulting solution is called an extract

A

Extraction

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3
Q

It refers to the transfer of compounds from one liquid solvent to another one

A

Extraction

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4
Q

Can be used to separate unwanted impurities or to separate mixtures of compounds

A

Extraction

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5
Q

The two solvents used for extraction must be____

A

Immiscible

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6
Q

Can be defined as the preparations of crude drugs which contain all the constituents which are soluble in the solvent

A

Extract

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7
Q

It is the solid residue obtain after extraction

A

Marc

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8
Q

It is the solvent used for extraction

A

Menstruum

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9
Q

Principles of extraction

A

To pull out a compound from one layer into another

A compound partitions more toward where it is more soluble (equilibrium)

Multiple extractions may be needed to completely extract a substance

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10
Q

Factors affecting extraction process

A

Nature of drug
Solvent
Temperature
pH
Particle size

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11
Q

Methods of extraction

A

Infusion
Decoction
Digestion
Maceration
Percolation
Continues hot extraction

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12
Q

These are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period of time with cold or boiling water

A

Fresh infusions

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13
Q

These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs

A

Infusion

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14
Q

Two types of infusion

A

Fresh infusion
Concentrated infusion

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15
Q

Example given for fresh infusion

A

Infusion of orange

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16
Q

Example given for concentrated infusion

A

Concentrated infusion of quassia

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17
Q

In this process the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for the fine time it is then cooled and strained for filtered

A

Decoction

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18
Q

This procedure is suitable for extracting water soluble heat stable constituents

A

Decoction

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19
Q

This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction

A

Digestion

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20
Q

It is used when moderately and elevated temperature is not objectionable

A

Digestion

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21
Q

During this process the solvent efficiency of the menstruum is there by increased

A

Digestion

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22
Q

Example given for digestion

A

Extraction of morphine

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23
Q

In this process solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with a hole of the solvent and allowed to stand for a period of at least 3 days with frequent agitation until soluble matter is dissolved

A

Maceration

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24
Q

The mixture is then strained through sieves or nets where the mark pressed and the combined liquids clarified or cleaned by filtration or by decantation after standing

A

Maceration

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25
It is continuous downward displacement of the solvent through the bed of crude drug material to get extract
Percolation
26
Most frequently used to extract active ingredients in the preparation of tinctures and fluid extracts
Percolation
27
It is the method of short successive maceration or process of displacement
Percolation
28
This is the instrument used in percolation
Percolator
29
Two kinds of percolator
Conical and cylindrical
30
Five steps in percolation
Size reduction Imbibition Packing Maceration Percolation
31
Enumerate the parts of soxhlet extractor
Cooling water out Cooling water in Condenser Expansion adapter Thimble Siphon Distillation path Round bottom flask Hot plate
32
It continuous the extraction of a component from a solid mixture
Soxhlet extractor
33
Flowchart for the separation of immiscible liquids
Extract Separate Dry Evaporate
34
It is a liquid substance capable to dissolve other substances without chemical changes
Solvent
35
Type of solvents
Molecular structure of solvents Inorganic solvents Organic solvents
36
It is the ability of a substance to dissolve another substance is determined by compatibility of their molecular structures
Molecular structure of solvents
37
Types of molecular structure of solvents
Polar protic solvents Dipolar aprotic solvents Non-polar solvents
38
It consists of a polar group OH and a nonpolar tail
Polar protic molecule
39
The structure may be represented by a formula R-OH
Polar protic solvents
40
It dissolves other substance with polar protic molecular structure
Polar protic solvents
41
These are miscible with water or they are hydrophilic
Polar protic solvents
42
Examples of polar protic solvents
Water Acetic acid Methanol Ethanol N-propanol N-butanol
43
Possess a large bond dipole moment
Dipolar aprotic molecules
44
They do not contain OH group
Dipolar aprotic solvents
45
Examples of dipolar aprotic solvents
Acetone Ethyl acetate Dimethyl sulfoxide Acetonitrile Dimethylformamide
46
They are hydrophobic or immiscible with water
Nonpolar solvents
47
They are lipophilic as they dissolve nonpolar substances such as oils fats and greases
Nonpolar solvents
48
Examples of nonpolar solvents includes
Carbon tetrachloride Benzene Diethyl ether Hexane Methylene chloride
49
The most popular inorganic solvents
Water and aqueous solutions containing special additives including surfactants detergents PH buffers and inhibitors
50
Other inorganic solvents includes
Liquid anhydrous ammonia Concentrated sulfuric acid Sulfuryl chloride fluoride
51
It is a type of volatile organic compound which vaporize at room temperature
Organic solvents
52
They are useful for dissolving certain materials and substances and are often used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products footwear paints varnishes and adhesives
Organic solvents
53
Types of organic compounds used as solvents includes
Aromatic compounds Alcohols Esters and ethers Ketones Amines Nitrated and halogenated hydrocarbons
54
In choosing the solvents what should be the miscibility of the solvents
2 immiscible solvents, a polar one and a nonpolar one
55
These are less dense than water and thus the water tends to move to the bottom
Nonpolar hydrocarbons and ethers
56
These are more dense than water so the water will be on top
Chlorinated solvents
57
It is defined as a drug because it stimulates the central nervous system causing increased alertness
Caffeine
58
It gives most people a temporary energy boost and elevates smooth
Caffeine
59
Is caffeine soluble in water
Yes
60
Staffing is soluble in water but it is more soluble in
DCM or dichloromethane