Lab 3: Skeletal System

Question 1

What is bone?

Answer 1

Hard specialized form of CT w/ calcified collagenous intracellular material.

Question 2

What is the function of the bones?

Answer 2

Supports body, protects organs, mineral storage, site of blood cell formation, helps in movement of body parts.

Question 3

What is the skeletal system divided into and what does each support?

Answer 3

Axial - trunk and head (skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum)

Appendicular - appendages, connects to axial. (limb girdles, appendages).

Question 4

Describe long bones.

Answer 4

• larger in one dimension
• consists of diaphysis (cylindrical shaft) and two epihysis (extremities).
• growth only at epiphysis.
• contain long medullary cavity.

Question 5

Function and example of long bones?

Answer 5

Levers, aids in support, locomotion. Eg. long bones of appendages.

Question 6

Describe short bones.

Answer 6

• Approx equal in all directions (cuboidal).
• No marrow cavity
• interior filled w/ spongy substances filled w/ marrow spaces.

Question 7

Function and example of short bones?

Answer 7

Absorb shock. Eg. Carpals, tarsals.

Question 8

Describe flat bones.

Answer 8

• thin and expanded in two directions.

- composed of two plates of compact tissue separated by spongy material.

Question 9

Function and example of flat bones?

Answer 9

Protection of vital organs, attachment of muscles. Eg. Scapula

Question 10

Describe irregular bones.

Answer 10

Unpaired bones.

Question 11

Function and example of irregular bones?

Answer 11

Protection, support, muscle attachment. Eg vertebrae, some skull bones.

Question 12

Describe sesamoid bones.

Answer 12

Developed along course of tendons.

Question 13

Function and example of sesamoid bones?

Answer 13

Reduces friction or change course of tendons. May change angle of pull of muscles which gives mechanical advantage. Eg patella.

Question 14

Describe pneumatic bones.

Answer 14

Contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate w/ exterior.

Question 15

Examples of pneumatic bones?

Answer 15

Long bones of bird, frontal bones, maxillary bones of skull.

Question 16

Describe the skull.

Answer 16

Forms basis of head, consists of cranial bones which surround brain and facial bones, which exhibit observable variation among species.

Question 17

Function of skull?

Answer 17

Protects brain, supports sense organs, forms passage for beginning of digestive and respiratory system.

Question 18

Describe the vertebral column.

Answer 18

Composed of median, unpaired, and irregular bones.

Question 19

What is another word for coccygeal?

Answer 19

Caudal.

Question 20

Vertebral formula of cow?

Answer 20

C7 - T13 - L6 - S5 - CD 18-20

Question 21

Vertebral formula of sheep?

Answer 21

C7 - T13 - L6-7 - S4 - CD16-18

Question 22

Vertebral formula of pig?

Answer 22

C7 - T14-15 - L6-7 - S4 - CD 20-23

Question 23

Vertebral formula of horse?

Answer 23

C7 - T18 - L6 - S5 - CD15-20

Question 24

Vertebral formula of chicken?

Answer 24

C14 - T7 - LS (fused)14 - CD6

Question 25

Describe the sternum and ribs.

Answer 25

Forms floor of bony thoracic wall and gives attachment to costal cartilages of sternal (true) ribs and forms origin for pectoral muscles. Sternum consists of segments called sternebrae (fuse together with age).

Question 26

What are the numbers of sternebrae for pigs, sheep, cows, goats, and horses?

Answer 26

``` Pig - 6 Sheep - 6 Cow - 7 Goat - 7 Horse - 8 ```

Question 27

What is the space between the ribs called?

Answer 27

Intercostal spaces.

Question 28

What are floating ribs?

Answer 28

The one or two pairs of ribs that have no connection w/ other ribs at ventral end.

Question 29

Look at the lab for terms you must identify in a diagram/specimen.

Answer 29

GO LOOK

Question 30

Functions of skeletal system?

Answer 30

Protection, support, leverage, storage, blood cell formation.

Question 31

What is the name of the process of long bone growth?

Answer 31

Endochondral ossification.

Question 32

When does cartilage ossify into bone?

Answer 32

When it is substituted by bone tissue.

Question 33

Where does lengthening of the bone occur?

Answer 33

At the epiphyseal plates.

Question 34

How is the diaphysis lengthened?

Answer 34

When bone is deposited after ossification.

Question 35

How does the diaphysis grow in diameter?

Answer 35

When the osteogenic layer of periosteum forms new bone on outside. Then bone has to be removed on inside to maintain marrow cavity.

Question 36

UNcommon name of skull?

Answer 36

Cranium.

Question 37

UNcommon name of lower jaw?

Answer 37

Mandible.

Question 38

UNcommon name of shoulder blade?

Answer 38

Scapula.

Question 39

UNcommon name of breastbone?

Answer 39

Sternum

Question 40

UNcommon name of collarbone?

Answer 40

Clavicle.

Question 41

UNcommon name of thighbone?

Answer 41

Femur

Question 42

UNcommon name of feet bones?

Answer 42

Metatarsals.

Question 43

UNcommon name of ankle bones?

Answer 43

Tarsals.

Question 44

UNcommon name of shinbone?

Answer 44

Tibia.

Question 45

UNcommon name of lower leg bone on side of calf?

Answer 45

Fibula.

Question 46

UNcommon name of kneecap?

Answer 46

Patella.

Question 47

UNcommon name of finger and toe bones?

Answer 47

Phalanges.

Question 48

UNcommon name of hand bones?

Answer 48

Metacarpals.

Question 49

UNcommon name of wrist bones?

Answer 49

Carpals.

Question 50

UNcommon name of backbone/spine?

Answer 50

Vertebrae.

Question 51

UNcommon name of coccyx?

Answer 51

Tailbone.

Question 52

What are the six types of joints?

Answer 52

1) Ball and socket 2) Ellipsoidal 3) Gliding 4) Hinge 5) Pivot 6) Saddle joints.

Question 53

Function and example of ball and socket joints?

Answer 53

Enable appendages to move in different directions. Eg shoulder joints.

Question 54

Function and example of ellipsoidal joints?

Answer 54

Allow flexion, extension, moving side to side. Eg joints at base of fingers.

Question 55

Function and example of gliding joints?

Answer 55

Where bones connected by ligaments slide past each other. Eg mid-carpal, mid-tarsal joints.

Question 56

Function and example of hinge joints?

Answer 56

Allow flexion and extension of appendages. Eg elbows and knees.

Question 57

Function and example of pivot joint?

Answer 57

Allow one bone to rotate around another Eg atlas and axis

Question 58

Function and example of saddle joints?

Answer 58

When concave and convex bones allow forward, backward, side to side movement. Eg thumb joints.