Lab 4

Question 1

cotyledon

Answer 1

seed leaf found within the embryo of a seed; stores nutrients and is the first to appear during germination, providing nourishment to the developing seedling

Question 2

leaf

Answer 2

principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in vascular plants, typically flattened and thin, and attached to a stem by a petiole

Question 3

leaf blade/leaf lamina

Answer 3

expanded and flat - to maximize light capture - portion of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs

Question 4

petiole

Answer 4

stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem; provides support and allows the leaf blade to orient itself optimally for photosynthesis

Question 5

leaf base

Answer 5

part of the leaf where the petiole attaches to the stem; has various shapes and structures, including stipules

Question 6

stipule

Answer 6

small, often leaf-like appendages found at the base of the petiole in some plants; can be membranous or leaf-like and serve various functions, including protection and water conservation

Question 7

simple leaf

Answer 7

consists of a single, undivided blade attached to the petiole; ex. oak and maple leaves

Question 8

leaf sheath

Answer 8

tubular structure that partially or wholly surrounds the stem where a leaf attaches; common in grasses and some monocots, providing additional support and protection

Question 9

leaf adaxial side

Answer 9

upper surface, facing towards the stem or main axis of the plant; receives more direct sunlight and is typically more photosynthetically active than the abaxial side

Question 10

leaf abaxial side

Answer 10

lower surface, facing away from the stem or main axis of the plant; less exposed to direct sunlight and may have specialized features like stomata and trichomes

Question 11

compound leaf

Answer 11

consists of multiple leaflets attached to a common petiole or rachis; each leaflet may resemble a simple leaf, but they are not directly attached to the stem

Question 12

rachis

Answer 12

central axis or main vein of a compound leaf, to which leaflets are attached; provides support and structure to the leaflet arrangement

Question 13

leaflet

Answer 13

one of the individual segments of a compound leaf; may be attached to the rachis or petiole, depending on the leaf’s overall structure

Question 14

node

Answer 14

point on a stem where leaves, buds, or branching structures originate; swollen area of the stem with actively dividing cells

Question 15

internode

Answer 15

portion of a stem between two adjacent nodes; may vary in length and thickness depending on the plant species and growth conditions

Question 16

parallel venation

Answer 16

type of leaf venation where the veins run roughly parallel to each other from the base to the tip of the leaf; monocotyledonous plants, such as grasses and lilies

Question 17

pinnate venation

Answer 17

type of leaf venation where one main vein extends from the base to the tip of the leaf, with smaller veins branching off it; dicotyledonous plants

Question 18

palmate venation

Answer 18

venation in leaves where several main veins originate from a single point at the base of the leaf, resembling the structure of a hand with outstretched fingers

Question 19

phyllotaxis

Answer 19

arrangement of leaves on a stem, including alternate, opposite, and whorled arrangements

Question 20

heterophylly

Answer 20

phenomenon in plants where leaves of different shapes or forms are produced on the same plant or under different environmental conditions

Question 21

main vein

Answer 21

primary vein or midrib running through the center of a leaf

Question 22

epidermis

Answer 22

outermost layer of cells covering the surfaces of leaves, stems, and roots in plants, providing protection and regulating gas exchange

Question 23

glandular hair

Answer 23

hair-like structures found on the surface of leaves or other plant parts, often containing glands that secrete substances such as oils or resins

Question 24

simple hair

Answer 24

hair-like outgrowths of epidermal cells on the surface of plant organs, providing protection against herbivores and reducing water loss

Question 25

stomatal complex

Answer 25

structure consisting of a stomate and surrounding guard cells, regulating gas exchange and transpiration in plants

Question 26

stoma/pore

Answer 26

microscopic opening in the epidermis of leaves and stems, surrounded by two guard cells, through which gas exchange and water vapor transpiration occur

Question 27

guard cell

Answer 27

specialized cells surrounding the stomatal pore, which regulate its opening and closing in response to environmental stimuli

Question 28

substomatal cavity

Answer 28

space beneath a stomatal pore, facilitating gas exchange between the leaf interior and the external environment

Question 29

bulliform cells

Answer 29

large, specialized cells found in the epidermis of monocots, involved in leaf rolling and folding in response to water stress

Question 30

hypostomatic leaf

Answer 30

leaf with stomata present only on the abaxial surface

Question 31

mesophyll

Answer 31

internal tissue of a leaf, located between the upper and lower epidermis, where photosynthesis occurs

Question 32

pallisade parenchyma

Answer 32

layer of elongated parenchyma cells found beneath the upper epidermis in many plant leaves, involved in photosynthesis

Question 33

spongy parenchyma

Answer 33

layer of loosely arranged parenchyma cells found beneath the palisade parenchyma in many plant leaves, involved in gas exchange and storage

Question 34

idioblast

Answer 34

specialized plant cells that differ from surrounding cells in structure and function, often involved in storage or secretion

Question 35

druse

Answer 35

type of crystal aggregate found in the cells of some plants, often composed of calcium oxalate

Question 36

bundle sheath

Answer 36

layer of cells surrounding the vascular bundles in the leaves of C4 plants, involved in photosynthesis and carbon fixation

Question 37

bundle sheath extension

Answer 37

extension of the bundle sheath cells into the mesophyll, found in certain types of C4 plants, facilitating the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis

Question 38

transfer cell

Answer 38

specialized plant cell with an increased surface area, involved in the transfer of nutrients and other molecules between cells or tissues

Question 39

phloem

Answer 39

vascular tissue responsible for transporting organic nutrients, primarily sugars, from photosynthetic tissues to other parts of the plant

Question 40

xylem

Answer 40

vascular tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant; provides structural support

Question 41

fascicular cambium

Answer 41

lateral meristem found within vascular bundles in plants, responsible for producing secondary xylem and phloem during secondary growth; differentiates from procambium located between the primary xylem and the primary phloem of individual vascular bundles

Question 42

lacunar collenchyma

Answer 42

type of collenchyma tissue with intercellular spaces, providing support and flexibility to stems and other plant parts