Lab 4 cranial nerves/ BG

Question 1

where are some of the structures that cranial nerves innervate?

Answer 1

head, neck (obvi), thorax and abdominal cavity

Question 2

which cranial nerves arise from the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon)

Answer 2

olfactory and optic, respectively.

Question 3

which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

Answer 3

oculomotor and trochlear

Question 4

name some functions of the cranial nerves

Answer 4

eye movements, swallowing, respiration, speech, facial expression,

Question 5

the four cranial nerves that come from pons are

Answer 5

trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

Question 6

four cranial nerves from medulla/spinal cord are

Answer 6

glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

Question 7

damage to olfactory cortex (aka area tempestus) results it

Answer 7

olfactory seizures

Question 8

what does the optic nerve do

Answer 8

take info from eyes and bring it to LGN

Question 9

the occularmotor nerve does what

Answer 9

controls the movements of the eye via 2 systems: somatic motor component controls eye tracking and the visceral motor component controls pupil size

Question 10

olfactory nerves, after entering the cribiform plate, are surrounded by

Answer 10

menengies

Question 11

what is Papilledema

Answer 11

a swelling of the optic disc due to an increase in intracranial pressure.

Question 12

what might papilledema cause?

Answer 12

a distortion of the optic disc in the retina; this interferes with vision and may produce blindness if it occurs for an extended period of time.

Question 13

how does the LGN communicate with primary visual cortex?

Answer 13

optic radiations

Question 14

damage to cranial nerve 3 would result in

Answer 14

drooping eyelids, pupil dilation

Question 15

what does the trochlear nerve do?

Answer 15

eye movement (up and down) controls the superior oblique muscles of the eye

Question 16

what are some special things about the trochlear nerve?

Answer 16

smallest nerve, also longest intracranial course of all nerves, only one to exit from dorsal aspect of bs … lesions produce double vision

Question 17

what is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 17

jaw movements, and somatosensory info from head

Question 18

damage to the trigeminal nerve could result in

Answer 18

loss of sensation (anesthesia) with the extent comensurate to the damage

Question 19

what is tic douloureux?

Answer 19

stabbing pain in the side of the face as a result of damage to trigeminal nerve (eg aneurysm)

Question 20

optic nerve carries axons from which cells?

Answer 20

retinal ganglion cells

Question 21

what is the function of the abducens nerve

Answer 21

innervates muscles which move the eye away from the midline

Question 22

lesions to the abducens produce

Answer 22

eyes rotating towards nose; double vision

Question 23

what is the function of the facial nerve

Answer 23

innervates muslces of maticulation (but instead of chewing/swallowing like trigeminel nerve, this is for FACIAL EXPRESSION) it also has a sensory component, gets taste info from soft pallet/first 2/3 on tongue

Question 24

nerve damage/inflammation/swelling of the facial nerve can cause

Answer 24

bells palsy (weakening of half the muscles on the face) can be treated with cortiocsteroirds (anti inflammatory)

Question 25

how do you percieve your heads position in space

Answer 25

- the vestibular branch carries information from hair cells in the vestibular apparatus to nuclei in the pons/medulla, then the cochlear branch arises from neurons lying in the cochlear ganglion; they receive information from the hair cells in the ear and send it along to cochlear nuclei in the pons/medulla.

Question 26

damage to cranial nerve 8 can produce

Answer 26

tenitis (ringing) , loss of hearing, nausea, vertigo, disequilibrium

Question 27

what does the Glossopharyngeal Nerve innervate?

Answer 27

neck mucles and paratoid gland (saliva and digestive enzymes are produced here)

Question 28

somatosensory info from the back of the tonuge, pharynx, tonsils, and carotoid sinus are conveyed by

Answer 28

the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 29

why is the vagus nerve so important ? Hint:what is vagus latin for

Answer 29

L. Wanderer, it's widespread innervation baby

Question 30

what's the sensory function of cranial nerve 10?

Answer 30

info from meningies and throat

Question 31

motor component of the vagus nerve innervates?

Answer 31

digestive tract and stomach viscera, lungs, slows heart rate (parasympathetic)

Question 32

damage to the vagus is usually due to

Answer 32

vascular damage to the cranium

Question 33

vagal damage can result in

Answer 33

racing heart, forcible contractions of heart, slowed respiration, a sense of suffocation, speech impairments, and loss of sensation to the soft palate and pharynx.

Question 34

CN 11 has cranial AND spinal roots. It is...

Answer 34

accessory spinal nerve

Question 35

throat and neck muscles are controlled by

Answer 35

accessory spinal nerve. Damage results in weakness when turning to contralateral side

Question 36

hypoglossal nerve innervates

Answer 36

tongue muscles

Question 37

tongue paralysis on one side indicates ___ total tongue paralyisis indicates

Answer 37

damge to hypoglossal nerve; damage to nerve origin (medullary nuclei)

Question 38

the basal ganglia includes which structures?

Answer 38

striatum (caud/putamen) globus pallidus, substansia nigra, VL thal, subthalamic nuclei

Question 39

what is the general function of the BG

Answer 39

volitional movement, reward, cognition, integrates goals w movement, HABIT (nondeclaritive memory 8 arm test)

Question 40

internal capsule is to vertical as ____ is to horizontal

Answer 40

corpus callosum

Question 41

the SNR contains two divisions for DA and GABA. They are...?

Answer 41

pars compacta; zona reticulada

Question 42

IN PD, less DA to striatum effects movement by...?

Answer 42

less input to striatum means less inhibition of GP, which communicates GABAergically to thalamus. This influx of gaba to thalamus is what prevents motor outputs (thalamus exites cortex)

Question 43

ALL DA receptors are what class

Answer 43

metabotropic (2nd messenger systems)

Question 44

the medial forebrain bundle contains which pathways

Answer 44

meso-accumbens, striatal, limbic,

Question 45

a rat with lesions to DMT could do which version of the 8 arm test, lit or unlit?

Answer 45

LIT. If light signals food, you don't have to remember shit. Rats w lesions to BG can't form the habit of going down the light, but they can do the more difficult version fine

Question 46

what are the three divisions of the amygdala, and what do they do?

Answer 46

BLA - emotional tagging centromedial n. - autonomic behaviors/addiction cortical n. - olfaction/sexual behavior (pheromone sensors)