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Bio 1115 > Lab > Flashcards

Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells performing a common activity

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3
Q

Organ

A

Group of tissues collectively performing a specific function

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4
Q

Organ System

A

Group of organs performing a major body function

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5
Q

Four types of Animal Tissues

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Te covering or lining of free body surfaces, both internal and external

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7
Q

Epithelial Tissue Functions

A

Protection, absorption, secretion, lubrication, barrier

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8
Q

Apical or Luminal Surface

A

Free surface of the tissue is exposed to air (skin) or fluid (stomach)

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9
Q

Type of Epithelial Tissues

A 
Simple Squamous
Simple Cuboidal
Simple Columnar
Psuedostratified ciliated columnar
Non-Keratinized stratified squamous
Keratinized stratified squamous
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10
Q

Simple Squamous Location

A

Kidneys, lining of body cavities, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart. Also forms the entire wall of capillaries and the alveoli of the lungs

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11
Q

Simple Squamous Function

A

Exchange of materials by diffusion

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12
Q

Simple Cuboidal Location

A

Kidney’s Nephron Tubules

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13
Q

Simple Cuboidal Function

A

Secretion and absorption

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14
Q

Simple Columnar Location

A

Walls of villi in small intestine

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15
Q

Simple Columnar Function

A

Absorption of nutrients, secretion of digestive juices as well as secretion of mucus by goblet cells

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16
Q

Goblet Cells

A
  • Oval cells scattered throughout the epithelium
  • Secrete mucus into the respiratory tree
  • Trap foreign material with mucus
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17
Q

Microvilli

A

increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients

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18
Q

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Non-Keratinized & Keratinized

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19
Q

Non-Keratinized (Wet) Squamous Location

A

Places subjected to abrasion, moist areas on the body

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus

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20
Q

Non-Keratinized (Wet) Squamous Function

A

Protect against abrasion and pathogens to underlying tissues

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21
Q

Keratinized (dry) Squamous Function

A

Waterproof and microbe-proof barrier

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22
Q

Keratinized (dry) Squamous Location

A

Dry surfaces, such as the surface of the skin. Composes the epidermis
Thick is found on the surface of the soles of your feet and on the surface of your palms, thin is found everywhere else on the surface of the skin of your body

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23
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Location

A

Lines the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi

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24
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Function

A

To protect structures, secrete mucus by goblet cells, and move mucus by cilia

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25
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Most widespread and abundant tissue in the human body.

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26
Q

Connective Tissue function

A

to support, anchor, and connect various parts of the body

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27
Q

Connective Tissue structural elements

A

cells, fibres, and intercellular substance

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28
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

encompasses all organs and body cavities connecting one part with another and, equally important, separating one group of cells from another
(areolar, adipose, and dense regular tissue)

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29
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage, bone, blood

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30
Q

Fibroblasts

A

produce fibres and other intercellular materials

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31
Q

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

A

Most widespread connective tissue of the body

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32
Q

Areolar (loose) connective tissue Location/ function

A
  • to attach the skin to the underlying tissue
  • fills the spaces between various organs and thus holds them in place as well as cushions and protects them
  • surrounds and supports blood vessels
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33
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A

Characterized by a large internal fat droplet

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34
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue location/function

A

storage site for fats (lipids), also pads and protects certain organs and regions of the body. It also forms an insulating layer under the skin which helps regulate body temperature

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35
Q

Cartilage

A

Non-vascular tissue, characterized by lacunae, chondrocytes, and matrix. There are three types : hyaline, elastic, and fibro

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36
Q

Hyaline Cartilage locations

A

The skeleton of a mammalian fetus is composed of hyaline cartilage. Nasal septum, rings of trachea and bronchi, ends of ribs, and the articulating surfaces of most joints

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37
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Functions

A

provide strong yet flexible support and to reduce friction within joints

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38
Q

Chondrocytes

A

the large cartilage cells which are trapped within the matrix in spaces called lacunae

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39
Q

Blood

A

liquid extracellar matrix called plasma, which contains water, salts, proteins, glucose, lipids, glycoproteins, hormones, amino acids, and vitamins.

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40
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

A

most abundant, responsible for transport of O2, some CO2, and nutrients

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41
Q

Leukocytes

A

larger, nucleated and found in hte blood during transport. They defend the organism against bacteria, parasites, and pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, fungi, and protists

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42
Q

Platelets

A

Small cell fragments that aid in blood clotting

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43
Q

Platelets function

A

stop the loss of blood from wounds

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44
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Highly specialized for contactions
cells= fibres
cytoplasm = sarcoplasm
cell membrane = sarcolemma

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45
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Movement of the bones of the skeleton.

  • voluntary muscles
  • striated and cylindrical with blunt ends
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46
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Throughout the internal organs of the body

  • involuntary muscle
  • not striated
  • spindle cell shape
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47
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Restricted to wall of the heart

  • involuntary
  • striated
  • form long chains that branch and intertwine
  • intercalated disc (heavy dark line running across the fibre)
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48
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

conduct electrical impulses which allow communication among other tissue types

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49
Q

Neuron

A

composed of a cell body containing a nucleus and one or more long cytoplasmic extensions known as fibres

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50
Q

Dendrites

A

fibres of the neurons, bring impulses towards the cell body

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51
Q

Axon

A

Carries information away from the cell body

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52
Q

Enzyme

A

act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions

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53
Q

Substrate

A

Substance on which the enzyme acts

- can also be called the reactant

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54
Q

Product

A

the substance that results from the reaction

55
Q

Enzyme characteristics

A
  • they’re proteins
  • each react with a specific substrate
  • cannot change the equilibrium concentrations for a given reaction, however they do lower the EA
  • don’t affect the free energy changes (DG) of a given reaction
  • emerge unaltered from reactions ready to act again and again
56
Q

Activators

A

chemicals that must bind for the enzyme to be active

57
Q

Cofactors

A

non-protein substances that usually bind to the active site on the enzyme and are essential for the enzyme to work

58
Q

Organic cofactors

A

coenzymes, but other cofactors may simpl be metal ions

59
Q

Inhibitors

A

chemicals that interfere with enzyme activity

60
Q

how to measure enzyme activity

A
  1. determine the rate of disappearance of the substrate
    or
  2. determine the rate of appearance of the product
61
Q

Catechol oxidase

A

an enzyme present in potatoes & other plants

62
Q

Catechol oxidase in the presence of O2

A

catalyzes the removal of electrons and hydrogens from catechol, which is then converted to benzoquinone

63
Q

Benzoquinone

A

product of catachol oxidase and O2, responsible for the darkening of fruits and vegetables after exposure to air
(pigment product)

64
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

structurally similar to the substrate, competes for a position at the active site on the enzyme, thereby making the enzyme unavailable to the substrate
- can be reversed if the concentration of the substrate is raised while the inhibitor’s is held constant

65
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

binds to a site that is not the active site and changes the nature of the enzyme so that its catalytic properties are lost.
-Results in inactivation, increasing the concentration of substrate will NOT reverse the inhibition

66
Q

Resolution

A

ability to see fine detail, may be measured as the minimum distance between two points at which they are discernible as two distinct points, rather than a single point

67
Q

Working distance

A

the distance between from the objective to the slide

68
Q

Types of microscopes

A

compound, dissecting, electron

69
Q

Condenser

A

concentrates light up to the specimen

70
Q

Coarse adjustment

A

controls working distance between slide and objective lens

71
Q

specimen holder knobs

A

move slide in the y & x axis

72
Q

object stage

A

platform for viewing specimens on slides

73
Q

parfocal microscope

A

allows changing magnification without refocusing

74
Q

iris diaphragm

A

controls the amount of light emitted to the specimen

75
Q

fine adjustment knob

A

permits depth perception of viewed object

76
Q

substage illuminator

A

provides illumination

77
Q

revolving nosepiece

A

supports the objective lenses and allows changing of the objective

78
Q

Calculating scale

A
  1. Find the field diameter
  2. Linear fraction (how much of the field diamter does the object take up?)
  3. True diameter = (FD) x (LF)
  4. Scale your drawing –> Drawing diameter/ true diameter = 18mm/3.7mm
79
Q

Cross section (x.s.)

A

cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of an object

80
Q

Longitudinal section (1.s)

A

cut parallel to the longitudinal axis of an object

81
Q

Median section (med.)

A

cut along the middle of an object

82
Q

Radial section

A

cut made along a radius of a circular object

83
Q

(x.s.)

A

cross section

84
Q

(1.s.)

A

longitudinal section

85
Q

(med.)

A

median section

86
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

found in bacteria and blue-green algae

  • absence of a nuclear membrane or a defined nucleus
  • lack any internal membranous structures that are present in euk.
87
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Plant and animal cells

88
Q

Plant cell

A

large central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts, no centrioles

89
Q

Animal cell

A

no chloroplasts, vacuole, or cell wall

90
Q

Nucleus

A

control center of cell operations and contains genetic information

91
Q

Mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration and ATP production

92
Q

Ribosome

A

protein synthesis

93
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

receiving, modification, and shipment of proteins produces in rough ER or manufacturing of some macromolecules such as carbohydrates

94
Q

Nucleolus

A

makes ribosomal subunits and synthsises rRNA

95
Q

Lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzymes and involved in phagocytosis and autophagy

96
Q

Plasma membrane

A

selective permeability

97
Q

Cell wall

A

maintains cell’s shape and protects from mechanical injury

98
Q

Centrioles

A

contribute to the formation of spindle apparatus

99
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

retains cell’s shape, provides structural support, functions in cell movement, and allows movement within the cell

100
Q

Vacuole: plants

A

storage of water, breakdown and storage of waste products and storage of pigments

101
Q

Vacuole: animals

A

food vacuoles containing food products or contractile vacuoles in animal-like protists to remove excess water

102
Q

Chloroplast

A

photosynthesis –> stroma, 3 membranes, stacked disks

103
Q

Rough ER

A

membrane factory of the cell or makes secretory proteins (contains ribosomes)

104
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids or metabolism of carbs or detoxification of drugs

105
Q

Nucleotide three components

A
  1. A five carbon sugar called deoxyribose
  2. phophate group
  3. nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T)
106
Q

How does replication of DNA occur

A

5’ to 3’ direction of a 3’ to 5’ template

107
Q

Mitosis

A

replace dead, worn out cells, and for growth

  • produces two cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the original parent cell
  • contains the same chromosome complement, and the same genetic complement
108
Q

Interphase

A 
A cell that is not dividing 
- G1 (gap phase 1)
- S (synthesis phase)
- G2 (gap phase 2)
individual chromosomes are not distinguishable in the nucleus and the genetic material is referred to as chromatin
109
Q

G1 phase

A

phase occurs immediately after a cell division and is a period of intense metabolic activity resulting in cell growth and production of new cytoplasmic organelles

110
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication occurs

- each chromosome replicates itself and becomes two sister chromatids held together by a centromere

111
Q

G2 phase

A

this phase is short, the cell is metabolically preparing to divide

112
Q

Mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

PMAT –> we got molly a PMAT when she was a puppy

113
Q

Prophase

A
  • Chromatin begins to coil and individual chromosomes begin to become distinguishable
  • nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus begins to disappear
  • spindle of microtubules forms across the cell
  • condensing chromosomes become attached to spindle fibres by specialised regions of the centromeres known as kinetochores
  • spindle fibres extend from the poles to the kinetochores, while continuous spindle fibres extend from pole to pole
  • the complete disappearance of the nuclelus and the nuclear membrane mark the end of prophase
114
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes orient at the equator of the spindle
  • once the chromosomes are attached to the spindle they are in constant motion along the spindle axis
  • chromosomes move toward the central region of the spindle with their centromeres oriented on one plane (metaphase or equatorial plane)
  • centromeres lie aroud the equator while the arms of the sister chromatids extend freely in any direction into the surrounding cytoplasm
115
Q

Anaphase

A
  • centromeres divide producing two seperate daughter chromosomes each with their own centromere
  • daughters migrate towards opposite poles of the spindle with the centromere leading (macaroni)
  • end of anaphase is marked by the arrival of all the daughter chromosomes at their respective poles
116
Q

Telophase

A
  • prophase in reverse
  • chromosomes disperse and are no longer individually distinguishable since they are uncoiling and elongating
  • nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear
  • spindle apparatus disintegrates
  • end of telophase coincides with the division of the cytoplasm
  • once telophase ends the cell enters interphase again and the cell cycle continues
117
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

118
Q

Aster

A

composed of astral rays, fibres radiating from each pole in all directions with their free ends lying in the cytoplasm

119
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

cytoplasm is gradually pinched in until seperate cells are formed

120
Q

Meiosis

A
  • produce haploid cells as they contain half the number of chromosomes present in the original diploid cell
  • four cells produced by meiosis do not contain identical genes
121
Q

Interphase I

A
  • Process occurs in the S phase of interphase
  • as in mitosis, the chromosomes are drawn out into fine threads called chromatin and there is a definite nucleus with a nuclear membrane and nucleoli
122
Q

Prophase I

A
  • individual double-stranded chromosomes become apparent

- difference between mitosis and meiosis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis

123
Q

Synapsis

A
  • the members of each pair of homologous chromosomes come together and lie side-by-side
  • homologous chromosomes intertwine and crossing-over occurs
124
Q

crossing-over

A

the breakage and exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes occur

125
Q

Tetrad

A

grouping of two homologous chromosomes, each of which consists of two chromatids

126
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • chromosome is associated with spindle fibres attached to only one pole of the cell
  • homologous chromosome lies beside it, attached to one spindle fibre extending the the opposite pole
  • orientations of the paternal and maternal chromosomes relative to the poles are random –> this independent assortment is a source of genetic variation
127
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • There is no division of centromeres
  • members of pairs of homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles
  • 3 double stranded chromosomes at each pole, as opposed to chromatids in mitosis
128
Q

Telophase I

A
  • essentially the same as mitosis
  • exception is that the new nuclei formed have only half as many chromosomes as were present in the parent cell
  • now 2 cells each with half the original number of chromosomes
129
Q

Interkinesis

A
  • short interval between the two divisions of a complete meiotic cycle
  • no replication of the genetic material
130
Q

Prophase II

A

the pairs of chromatids shorten and coil, spindle apparatus forms and each pair of chromatids begins to attach to two spindle fibres at its centromere

131
Q

Metaphase II

A

each pair of chromatids is attached, at its centromere, to spindle fibres from each pole. The chromatid pairs line up with their centromeres along the metaohase plane of the cell

132
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • chromatids seperate from each other as the centromeres split. The chromosomes are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
133
Q

Telophase II

A
  • chromosomes lengthen and disperse, nuclear membranes reform
  • cleavage furrow appears and cytokinesis occurs
  • at the end of this stage four hapoid cells have been produced from the original diploid cell

Bio 1115 (4 decks)

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