Lab 6 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Define Ventral
A
Toward or along the animal’s belly
2
Q
Define anterior
A
The front of the animal
3
Q
Define posterior
A
The back end of the animal
4
Q
Define lateral
A
Toward the animals side
5
Q
Define medial
A
Toward the animals middle
6
Q
What is the general function of the digestive system?
A
To digest and absorb food
7
Q
Where is the parotid gland found?
A
“Under” (actually slightly infront) of the ear
8
Q
Where the sublingual gland found?
A
Under the tongue
9
Q
Where is the submandibular gland found?
A
Under the jaw (mandible)
10
Q
Which of these three: parotid,sublingual, and submandibular gland, is the largest?
A
The parotid gland is the largest of the 3
11
Q
What is the function of the parotid gland, the submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland?
A
The main function is to secrete saliva into the mouth which is used to make the bolus soft, carry amylase into the mouth
12
Q
What kind of teeth do rats have? What shape are the molars? (Narrow vs wide, top sharp vs flat)
A
The rat has heterodonts. The molars are flat with ridges and wide.
13
Q
From dentition alone (flat, sharp ridges, wide), would you conclude that a rat is a herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore?
A
Flat, wide teeth with ridges are a classic sign of a herbivore
14
Q
Define the hard palate
A
The bony separation between the mouth and nasal cavity
15
Q
Define the soft palette
A
The soft palette is the muscular separation between the mouth and nasal cavity. It prevents chocking by sliding back and covering the nasal cavity when one is swallowing
16
Q
Define viscera
A
The internal organs of an organism
17
Q
Define the abdominal cavity
A
Large area where the viscera are located
18
Q
Define the thoracic cavity
A
The space where the lungs, partial trachea and esophagus are held
19
Q
Define the diaphragm
A
Large flat muscle, posterior to the lungs that help with breathing
20
Q
Where is the liver located?
A
Posterior to the diaphragm
21
Q
What colour is the liver?
A
A deep red
22
Q
Name 3 major functions of the liver
A
- Produces bile
- Converts sugar into glycogen
- Detoxifies blood
23
Q
Where is the stomach located?
A
Under the liver lobes
24
Q
Define esophogus
A
a muscular pathway for food, which is eased downward by peristalsis
25
Define the cardiac sphincter
A small ring of tissue that is found at the base of the esophagus and the beginning of the stomach, which prevents food and stomach acids from going back up the esophagus
26
Define the cardiac portion
The anterior, transparent portion of the stomach
27
Define the pyloric portion
The pyloric portion is pink, and the posterior part of the stomach
28
Which portion of the stomach is the most muscular?
The pyloric portion of the stomach is the most muscular
29
What is the function of the cardiac portion?
To initially hold the food
30
What is the function of the pyloric portion?
To grind and mix around the food and HCl
31
Where is the pyloric sphincter? And what is it's function?
The pyloric sphincter controls the movement of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum. It is a small muscular band that is between the pyloric portion of the stomach and the duodenum
32
Where is the spleen found, and what does it look like?
The spleen is found posterior to the stomach, and is elongated and dark coloured
33
What is the function of the spleen?
Removes foreign material from the blood, and removed old blood cells from the blood
34
Define mesentery and give its function.
Thin, transparent membrane that hold organs in place, and connects the organs to the circulatory system
35
What is the function of the veins on the mesentery?
The blood vessels found on the mesentery connect the organs to the rest of the bodies circulatory system
36
Define the bile duct
A pathway that allows for bile to move from the liver to the duodenum
37
Do rats have gall bladders?
Rats do not have gallbladders because they're herbivores, so they do not need top break down fats and so do not need to store bile, who's main function is to breakdown lipids
38
Where is the pancreas found?
In the mesentery, posterior to the pyloric sphincter
39
What is a exocrine gland?
Glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct
40
What is an endocrine gland?
Gland that produces and secretes straight into the blood stream, rather than through a duct
41
Is the pancreas an endocrine gland or a exocrine gland, or both?
It's both. Because a) it act as a endocrine gland when it secretes hormones straight into the blood stream (for insulin)
b) it acts as a exocrine gland when it secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum via a duct
42
What is the function of the bacteria in the cecum of the rat? What does it produce?
Bacteria in the cecum of rat help it to break down cellulose. The bacteria produce cellulase
43
Would you expect the cecum of a carnivore to be larger or smaller than that of the rat?
Smaller
44
Where is the cecum in humans?
Its the blind end between the small and large intestine, in humans it's remnant is the appendix
45
What is the function of the large intestine?
To absorb water, minerals, and vitamins
46
What is the general function of the circulatory system?
To move oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart (where it will be re-oxygenated)
47
Where are the atria and ventricles located in the heart?
The atria are located in the anterior portion of the heart, and the ventricles are located in the posterior portion of the heart
48
Where is the thymus gland?
The thymus gland is found anterior to the heart
49
What immune cells mature in the thymus gland?
Creates T-lymphocytes
50
Does the trachea lie dorsal or ventral to the esophagus?
The trachea lies ventral to the esophagus i
51
Do the cartilage rings completely encircle the trachea?
No, theres a flexible membrane at the back to allow the esophagus to undergo peristalsis
52
What is the general function of the excretory system?
To rid the body of waste materials, including, feces, and urine
53
Where are the bean shaped kidneys found in the rat?
On the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine
54
What do the ureters and the bladder look like?
Two flap like structures with a balloon in the middle, near the posterior end of the rat
55
What is the general function of the reproductive system?
To create viable gametes to fertilize the opposite sex of the species and for female mammals to also provide nutrition and a constant environment for the fetus
56
What is the baculum?
A bone found in the penis of a rat
57
What is the major function of the epididymis?
Allows for a constant environment where the sperm can mature (their flagella begin to whip)
58
What is the major function of the vas deferens?
Transports the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
59
What does the seminal vesicle produce?
Holds a clumping agent, fructose, and ascorbic acid, and an alkaline solution
60
What does the prostate gland produce?
Enzyme that declumps, citric acid, and alkaline solution
61
Explain path of sperm
Tetes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis and out
62
Define dorsal
Dorsal is toward or along the animals back
63
How does vasectomy work?
The vas deferens is cut or tied which blocks sperm from entering the ejaculatory duct, sperm is instead absorbed by the body
64
Why does the female rat have a y shaped uterus?
The female rat uterus needs to be in a y shape so that she can have developing young all along the arm of each y
65
What animal besides a rat may have a y shaped uterus?
A pig or a kitten, any animal that has a litter of many young
66
Where is the oviduct found?
At the end of each of the "horns" of the Y
67
Where is the infundibulum found?
The small flared opening is found at the end of the oviduct
68
Where is the ovary found?
The ovary is found adjacent to the infundibulum
69
Describe the path of the egg from the ovary to the vagina
Ovary,infundibulum,oviduct,uterus,vagina
70
In which chamber does the heart receive deoxygenated blood from?
The right atrium
71
Which side of the heart is more muscular?
The left side of the heart is more muscular, because the right side is simply receiving blood, its the left side that's pumping the blood out
72
Which chamber of the heart receives the oxygenated blood?
The left atrium
73
Which blood vessels carry the blood from heart to the lungs and the lungs to the heart?
❤️ to lungs -> pulmonary artery
| Lungs to ❤️ -> pulmonary vein
74
Define alveoli
Small, blind sacs, that are made up of tiny spheres, are 1 cell thick to allow for shorter diffusion distance. This is where gas exchange happens
75
Describe the path of air from when its inhaled into the nostrils to when it leaves the body
Air enters the nostrils, air enters the trachea, air travels through the bronchi, air travels through the bronchioles, air enters the alveoli, gas exchange occurs (o2 into the blood, co2 into the air), air travels back up the bronchioles, back up the bronchi, up through the trachea and out the nose and mouth
76
What portions of the nephron are in the cortex in the kidney?
The bowman's capsule, the glomerulus, the afferent and efferent arterioles, the proximal tubules, the distal tubules, and some of the collecting duct
77
What portion of the nephrons are in the medulla of the kidney?
Some of collecting duct, the loop of henle
78
Trace the pathway of metabolic wastes from the renal artery, through the kidney to outside the body.
Renal artery, afferent arteriole, bowman's capsule, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct, ureter, bladder, urethra, out of the body
79
What is the disadvantage to having urea excreted in an aqueous form?
There is a lot of water loss
80
Explain how the kidney decreases water loss
Loop of henle conserves water and decreases volume of urine, distal tubule regulate reabsorption of water and sodium, and the collecting duct returns the reabsorbed water to the blood stream.
81
Blood is a suspension of what 3 cells?
Erythrocytes, Platelets, Leukocytes
82
What type of blood cells are the most abundant?
Erythrocytes
83
Do mammalian erythrocytes have nuclei? What is the advantage?
No. It makes them better able to get through narrow capillaries, and carry oxygen on hemoglobin
84
Do leukocytes have nuclei?
Yes, they do not need to carry oxygen, so they don't have hemoglobin
85
What is the function of a leukocyte?
Defend against infection and foreign substances
86
What is the function of platelets?
Help in coagulation of blood, wound healing, and inflammation
87
Define seminiferous tubules
Small tightly coiled tubules where sperm is created
88
Primary spermatocytes
Diploid cells that have not undergone meiosis
89
Define spermatids
Immature sperm
90
Secondary spermatocysts
Sperm that have undergone meiosis I
91
What is the function of interstitial cells?
To secrete testosterone
92
Are interstitial cells part of the endocrine cells, or exocrine system?
Interstitial cells are a part of the endocrine system, we know this because they release a hormone
93
Define follicles
Sac that the egg develops in
94
What does a primary follicle look like?
Small sac,large cell in the middle
95
What does the secondary follicle look like?
A little more fluid in the sac, larger
96
What does a mature follicle look like?
Large sac containing fluid and an egg
97
What hormone does the mature follicle produce before ovulation?
Estrogen
98
What happens to a mature follicle after ovulation?
It is caught by the infundibulum and with cilia carried into the oviduct where it may or may not be fertilized
99
What hormones does the corpus luteum produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
