Lab 6 and 9

Question 1

What does a large x^2 mean?

Answer 1

significant difference from expected

Question 2

What 2 things influence an individual’s phenotype?

Answer 2

environment and genetics

Question 3

What is the chromosome theory of heredity based on?

Answer 3

experiments involving crossing of diploid organisms

Question 4

character

Answer 4

a heritable feature that shows variation among individuals

Question 5

gene

Answer 5

controls the character (on a particular chromosome)

Question 6

alleles

Answer 6

alternate forms of a gene that determines a character

Question 7

genotype

Answer 7

an organism’s genetic makeup as determined by alleles from both parents in diploids

Question 8

homozygous

Answer 8

AA or aa

Question 9

heterozygous

Answer 9

Aa

Question 10

What did Mendel use for his experiment?

Answer 10

pea plants

Question 11

Mendel’s 2 laws

Answer 11

Law of Segregation

Law of Independent Assortment

Question 12

Law of Segregation

Answer 12

two alleles for a single heritable character segregate and end up in different gametes

Question 13

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 13

each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles (if they are really far apart or on diff chromosomes)

Question 14

null hypothesis

Answer 14

default position (nothing significant is expected to happen)

Question 15

alternative hypothesis

Answer 15

something significant is expected to happen

Question 16

deviation

Answer 16

the difference between your expected results and your real results

Question 17

Chi-squared test

Answer 17

test for statistical significance

Question 18

What physical things were used in experiment 6?

Answer 18

tobacco seedlings, corn

Question 19

How did we evaluate the monohybrid corn?

Answer 19

Color (RrSS) and Texture(RRSs)

Question 20

test cross

Answer 20

determine if a phenotype is hetero or homo

cross unknown with recessive

Question 21

x^2

Answer 21

sum of (deviations^2 / expected)

Question 22

Answer 2 questions with chi

Answer 22

chance or something else

Question 23

p-value

Answer 23

% that is was chance or nah

Question 24

statistically significant

Answer 24

5% (p=0.05)

Question 25

of nucleotide bases necessary

Answer 25

4

Question 26

RNA diff than DNA

Answer 26

R v D single-strand T v U

Question 27

RNA polymerase

Answer 27

reads 3' -> 5' and builds 5' -> 3'

Question 28

promoter

Answer 28

the DNA sequence to which the RNA polymerase attaches

Question 29

transcription factors

Answer 29

help euk bind to DNA's promoter

Question 30

end of pro RNA

Answer 30

terminator sequence

Question 31

end of euk RNA

Answer 31

polyadenylation signal sequence

Question 32

start codon

Answer 32

AUG (also methionine)

Question 33

elongation

Answer 33

the growing of the polypeptide chain

Question 34

What bonds to a stop codon?

Answer 34

release factor

Question 35

polyribosome

Answer 35

multiple ribosomes on one mRNA

Question 36

stop codons

Answer 36

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 37

polymorphisms

Answer 37

normal variations in DNA (result of mutations [ if in gametes then passed onto next gen ])

Question 38

types of mutations

Answer 38

``` point (silent, missense, nonsense) frame shift (deletion, insertion) inversions ```

Question 39

What does it mean that genetic code is redundant?

Answer 39

Different combos can code for the same amino acid (wobble effect)

Question 40

pseudogene

Answer 40

lost function but is still found in DNA