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Biomedical Lab III > Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab 7 Flashcards

1
Q

define drug

A

a substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its actions on the body

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2
Q

most drugs do what to produce an effect

A

bind to receptors

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3
Q

define diluent

A

substances or solutions that are inactive ingredients added to a drug to obtain the required drug concentration and/or dosage form

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4
Q

define placebo

A

substances used to understand if the effect is from the drug or some other condition (a non drug related response)

the placebo repsonse can be positive or negative – may improve or deteriorate the tested conditions

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5
Q

define experimental bias

A

refers to the researchers prejudiced view/behavior/expectations that can subconsciously affect the results of the experiment

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6
Q

to eliminate bias, what is done

A

the experiment is conducted in such a way that the patients do not know what treatment they’re receiving (BLIND)

and in a double blind study neither the participators nor experimenters know who is receiving each treatment

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7
Q

how is a double blind study possible

A

by use of coded labels and making both the placebo and drug look identical

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8
Q

what animal species are ideal for experiments

A

easy to handle and inexpensive

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9
Q

a drug’s pharmacologic class accurately predicts what?

A

the potential pharmacodynamic interactions

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10
Q

what is gross screening

A

a scanning procedure on living organisms (animals) to evaluate a drug’s pharmacologic class

THE FIRST STEP TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF A NEWLY SYNTHESIZED/ISOLATED SUBSTANCE

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11
Q

Name 4 advantages of gross screening

A

economical (limited # animals and time involved)

broad scope – many responses can be observed

early detection of acute toxicity of the new compound AND potency and duration of action can be estimated

permits oral OR parenteral routes

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12
Q

name 3 disadvantages of gross screening

A

-bias liability of the subject

-total reliance on dramatic event of a repsonse. a useful drug may be discarded bc of no obvious respnse

-CANNOT DETECT PERIPHERAL SYSTEM EFFECTS like decreased GI motility

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13
Q

name some animals that can be used for drug screening candidates

A

rat
mouse
hamster
rabbit
sheep
chimpanzee

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14
Q

define tremors

A

shaking – involuntary movement of muscle limbs

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15
Q

define fasciculation

A

small local involuntary muscle contraction ( mainly in abdominal area)

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16
Q

define clonic convulsions

A

alternating contraction and relaxation of voluntary muscles
(limbs extend out then pull in repeatedly)

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17
Q

define tonic convulsions

A

PROLONGED contraction of muscles

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18
Q

define ataxia

A

muscular incoordination (drunken gait)

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19
Q

define grasping

A

the ability to grasp on a screen (at about 45 degree angle)

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20
Q

define righting reflex

A

the ability to return to upright on all paws after it’s been placed on its back

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21
Q

define Ptosis

A

drooping eyelids

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22
Q

define chromodacryorrhea

A

blood in the tears due to increased capillary permeability

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23
Q

define blanching

A

paleness of skin due to vasoconstriction

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24
Q

define hyperemia

A

redness of the skin due to vasodilation

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25
Q

define cyanosis

A

blue skin due to excess carboxy-hemoglobin in the body

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26
Q

define piloerection

A

hair follicles erect (standing on end)

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27
Q

define micturation

A

urination

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28
Q

define lacrimation

A

tear production

29
Q

define salivation

A

saliva production

30
Q

when conducting a study, there are at least ___ types of groups:

A

2 types
experimental and control group

31
Q

differentiate between the control group and the experimental group

A

experimental group receives the drug being tested (diluent and other excipients may be required to administer the drug to the animal)

the control group is used to compare the effects of other variables OTHER THAN the independent variable. increases the reliability of the results and removes bias. the group that DOES NOT RECEIVE THE DRUG – may receive a placebo or diluent that has no effect on the body. all other testing conditions remain the SAME

32
Q

the experimenter should be blinded when performing an experiment to avoid bias.

this is particularly important in which studies?

A

behavioral studies

33
Q

bias is introduced when……..

A

the experimenter unintentionally records the result of a particular group differently based on his/her prior knowledge about the treatments being tested

34
Q

when………
the possibility of bias is greatly reduced preventing errors of measurement

A

the experimenter is blind to the treatment of the group

35
Q

why is it important that all experiments include a control group

A

because experimental variability may be related to both the test individual and the experimenter

36
Q

explain what a control group is

A

will be treated identically to the experimental group, EXCEPT for the variability of interest (drug) – will not be used in the control

37
Q

if you are interested in the effects of a drug that is administered IV, what must you do?

A

include a control group that also receives an IV injection of an inactive solution (such as saline)

this allows the effects of the drug to be clearly evaluated.

if you evaluated the effect of the drug against a control group that was NOT injected, you are not really assessing both the effect of the drug and the effect of the injection procedure

it is possible that the injection procedure could have effects by itself such as production of endocrine, vascular, and behavioral changes (due to stress)

38
Q

what is a “sham treatment”

A

the administration of an inactive drug or an ineffectual treatment

39
Q

true or false

various types of control groups are included to help evaluate different aspects of an experiment

A

TRUE

placebos are used to determine if the observed effects are directly related to the drug or to the perception of the patient

40
Q

define a placebo.

why is it used

A

a placebo is a drug or procedure that has no specific activity or active ingredient for the condition being treated

it’s used to determine if the observed effects are directly related to the drug or to the perception of the patietn

41
Q

give 3 examples of placebos

A

saline
honey (oral)
PEGs (oral)

42
Q

true or false

OFTEN, MULTIPLE CONTROL GROUPS ARE NEEDED

A

TRUE

43
Q

how does the FDA define a pharmacological class

A

a group of active moieties that share scientifically documented properties such as:

-mechanism of action
-physiological effect
-chemical structure

44
Q

define mechanism of action

A

pharmacologic action at the receptor, membrane, or tissue level

45
Q

define physiologic effect

A

pharmacological effect at the organ, system, or whole-body level

46
Q

define chemical structure

A

spatial arrangement of atoms, chemical bonds, and chemical groups in the drug molecule

47
Q

what is the mechanism of action of diazepam

A

GABA increases frequency (nut not duration) of openings of GABA activated Cl- channels

48
Q

what is the physiologic effect of diazepam

A

increased GABA activity

49
Q

what is the chemical structure of diazepam

A

benzodiazepine

50
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

the neurotransmitter released in the parasympathetic nervous system that produces central and peripheral effects

51
Q

how are the effects of acetylcholine mediated?
be specific

A

via the nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

N1 receptors - located at NMJ

N2 receptors – located in the synapses of the ANS and in CNS and adrenal medulla

M1,M4,M5 receptors are in the CNS and affect memory, arousal, attention, and analgesia

M3 is present in smooth muscle of bronchial tissue, bladder, and exocrine glands

52
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found

A

N1 - at NMJ

N2 - in synapses of the ANS, CNS, adrenal medulla

53
Q

where are muscarinic receptors found

A

M1,M4,M5 – in the CNS. affect memory, arousal, attention, and analgesia

M3 - in smooth muscle of bronchial tissue, bladder, exocrine glands

M1 - gastric parietal cells

54
Q

give 1 example of a cholinergic muscarinic agonist

what are its effects?

A

pilocarpine

produces tears, salivation, diarrhea, and piloerection

55
Q

give 1 example of a cholinergic muscarinic antagonist

what are its effects?

A

scopolamine

dry mouth, no lacrimation, and agitation

56
Q

where are dopaminergic receptors located? what do they control?

A

in the CNS

locomotion, cognition, and neuroendocrine secretion

57
Q

what does dopamine regulate?

therefore, it is associated with….

A

voluntary movement, reward, and addictive behavior

therefore, associated with mania, depression, cognition, memory, learning, sleep, and food intake

58
Q

dopamine agonists or antagonists affect the regulation of……

A

BLOOD PRESSURE

59
Q

what does DRA stand for? what does it include?

A

DRA = dopamine receptor antagonists

includes the first generation anti-psychotics

60
Q

what is a D2 receptor antagonist? give an example

A

haloperidol

antipsychotic, CNS depressant, hypoactivity, sedation, ataxia, loss of grasping, urinary retention, constipation

61
Q

DOPAMINE belongs to a class of drugs called…..

A

inotropic agents

62
Q

where are GABAergic receptors found? what do they do?

A

in the brain

coordinate the perception and response to painful stimuli

63
Q

explain what a GABA RECEPTOR AGONIST does

A

binds to 1 or more GABA receptors and produces sedative effects (typically)

other effects include reduced anxiety (anxiolytic), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant (reduce muscle contraction)

64
Q

GABAergic neurons are located _____

A

in the brain

65
Q

GABAergic neurons function to…..

A

REDUCE neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission

66
Q

give an example of a GABA agonist

A

the sedative hypnotic barbiturates – pentobarbital, phenobarbital

67
Q

explain what sedative hypnotic barbiturates are

A

they augment (amplify) the INHIBITORY GABAergic neurotransmission which reduces CNS activity, produces confusion, causes drowsiness, loss of righting, sedation, and ataxia

68
Q

explain the mechanism of GABAergic receptors.

what class of drugs are GABA agonists

A

when GABA is bound to its receptor, it allows the passage of chloride which produces sedative effects by inhibiting nerve transmission and thus reducing neuronal excitability

barbiturates and benzodiazepines

69
Q
A

Biomedical Lab III (10 decks)

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