Lab 8

Question 1

pH=

Answer 1

log(1/[H+])

Question 2

CO2 (carbon dioxide) + H2O ↔ (1) ↔ (2)

Answer 2

1. H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

2. H+ (hydrogen ion) + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

Question 3

weak acids or bases that convert strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases.

Answer 3

Buffers

Question 4

The ? is important in

buffering the blood plasma.

Answer 4

bicarbonate system

Question 5

The ? is important in buffering urine and intracellular fluid.

Answer 5

phosphate system

Question 6

In pathological conditions, the pH may increase beyond 7.45 (resulting in ?).

Answer 6

alkalosis

Question 7

In pathological conditions, the pH may decrease past 7.35 (resulting in ?).

Answer 7

acidosis

Question 8

There are two components for the maintenance of blood pH:

Answer 8

the respiratory component and the metabolic

component.

Question 9

The ? and ? systems compensate for the changes in blood pH, returning it to within normal limits.

Answer 9

• respiratory

- renal

Question 10

states that reversible reactions will be driven from the side with higher concentrations to the side with lower concentrations.

Answer 10

Law of Mass Action

Question 11

H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3–

The reactions shown occur predominately in the erythrocytes, catalyzed by ?.

Answer 11

carbonic anhydrase

Question 12

A normal arterial blood pH is obtained when there is a proper ratio of [bicarbonate ion] to [CO2]. This can be calculated by

Answer 12

the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Question 13

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Answer 13

pH=6.1 + log( [HCO3-] / 0.03 P CO2)

Question 14

occurs with too much dissolved CO2 in the plasma. This increases the partial pressure of CO2 and drives the above carbonic acid equation to the right, increasing the H+ concentration.

Answer 14

Respiratory acidosis

Question 15

Respiratory acidosis is caused by ?.

Answer 15

hypoventilation

Question 16

In chronic respiratory acidosis, mild impairment of the lungs’ ability to remove carbon dioxide occurs over a long period of time, leading to a stable situation. Respiratory acidosis is then ? for by ?.

Answer 16

• compensated

- metabolic alkalosis

Question 17

? is caused when the pH of the blood drops due to accumulation of non-respiratory acids (lactic acid, fatty acids, ketone bodies) or the loss of bases.

Answer 17

Metabolic acidosis

Question 18

In mild cases of disease states that lead to metabolic acidosis, a ? can compensate by elimination of excess CO2 through rapid, deep breathing, thus raising the pH of the blood.

Answer 18

respiratory alkalosis

Question 19

may result from a loss of acids or an accumulation of bases.

Answer 19

Alkalosis

Question 20

In ? there is too little CO2 in the plasma, decreasing the partial pressure of CO2 and driving the carbonic acid equation to the left.

Answer 20

respiratory alkalosis

Question 21

Respiratory alkalosis is ? for by ?, in which the kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions and lower the pH of the blood.

Answer 21

• compensated

- metabolic acidosis

Question 22

results from a rise in arterial blood pH due to excessive loss of H+ or a gain in bases.

Answer 22

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 23

caused by an extreme lack or loss of chloride, such as may be caused by prolonged vomiting.

Answer 23

Hypochloremic alkalosis

Question 24

is caused by the kidneys’ reaction to an extreme lack or loss of potassium which may be caused by some diuretic medications.

Answer 24

Hypokalemic alkalosis

Question 25

Excessive intake of ? or ? for the relief of gastric distress (heartburn) can also lead to ?.

Answer 25

- sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) - other alkaline drugs - metabolic alkalosis

Question 26

Metabolic alkalosis is compensated for by ?, in which there is a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing. This raises the arterial partial pressure of CO2, lowering the pH of the blood.

Answer 26

respiratory acidosis