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Visceral Pathology Lab Final > Lab 9: Kidney/Ureter/Bladder Pathologies > Flashcards

Lab 9: Kidney/Ureter/Bladder Pathologies Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What condition is shown?

A

Horseshoe kidneys: isthmus connecting kidneys (congenital anomaly)

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2
Q

What is the most common congenital renal anomaly?

A

Horseshoe kidneys

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3
Q

What deficits are involved in this condition?

A

Kidney function is normal

horseshoe kidneys

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4
Q

What condition is this?

A

Bilateral renal agenesis (both kidneys are absent)

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5
Q

Besides kidneys, what other organ system is involved in this pathology?

A

There is small lung development

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6
Q

When both kidneys are absent, it leads to…

A

oligohydramnios with lung hypoplasia (small lung development)

bilateral renal agenesis

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7
Q

What is the mortality rate for those with this condition?

A

Not compatible with life

bilateral renal agenesis

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8
Q

What pathology is this?

kidney
A

Advanced polycystic kidney disease

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9
Q

What causes this condition in adults?

kidney
A

Autosomal dominant mutation in the polycystin 1 or 2 genes

polycystic kidney disease

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10
Q

Autosomal dominant mutation in the polycystin 1 or 2 genes will lead to what pathology in adults?

A

Polycystic kidney disease

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11
Q

What are some of the first presenting signs in an individual presenting with this condition?

A

Presents in young adults as progressively worsening hypertension, hematuria, and progressive renal failure

polycystic kidney disease

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12
Q

How does blood pressure affect kidney function?

A

High blood pressure means less blood to the kidneys, which diminishes function

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13
Q

How do the kidneys affect blood pressure?

A

Kidneys control water, sodium, and potassium in blood (extracellular fluid volume) through renin and aldosterone

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14
Q

Which kidney hormone increases blood pressure and which decreases it?

A

Renin will increase blood pressure
Aldosterone will decrease blood pressure

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15
Q

What are some of the characteristic signs in an individual with a kidney infection?

A
  • Burning or pain while urinating
  • Foul smelling urine
  • Blood in urine
  • Frequent urination
  • Stomach/back pain
  • Fever/chills
  • Vomiting
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16
Q

Note the accumulation of acute inflammatory cells amongst the kidney tubules
What condition is this?

A

Acute pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

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17
Q

What is the major etiology of this condition?

kidney
A

Ascending infection from the bladder

acute pyelonephritis

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18
Q

In acute pyelonephritis, ___ indicate kidney involvement

A

leukocytic casts

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19
Q

How will a patient with this condition present?

kidney
A

Rapid onset of fever and flank pain

acute pyelonephritis

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20
Q

This is the gross appearance of which renal pathology?

A

Acute pyelonephritis

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21
Q

What is the yellow deposition on this kidney?

A

Purulent exudate

acute pyelonephritis

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22
Q

Diagnosis of this condition can be assisted with…

A

urine examination

acute pyelonephritis

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23
Q

White blood cells are seen to occupy tubules in this histologic preparation of acute pyelonephritis
What is the term for these occupied tubules?

A

Leukocytic casts

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24
Q

White blood cells are occupying the tubules of this kidney
What pathology is this?

A

Acute pyelonephritis

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25
This was found in a urinalysis What is it?
Leukocytic cast | acute pyelonephritis
26
This is a leukocytic cast found in urinalysis What pathology is confirmed by this finding?
Acute pyelonephritis
27
Tubules contain an eosinophilic proteinaceous material that resembles thyroid follicles What pathology is this?
Chronic pyelonephritis
28
What material has deposited in these kidney tubules?
Eosinophilic proteinaceous colloid-like material containing hemolyzed red blood cells, plasma proteins, and fibrin | chronic pyelonephritis
29
What is the term for this tissue beginning to resemble endocrine tissue?
Thyroidization of tubules (in the cortex) of the kidney | chronic pyelonephritis
30
Notice the obvious cortical atrophy as well as dilated calyces What pathology is shown?
Chronic pyelonephritis
31
What does intravenous pyelogram demonstrate?
Contrast dye makes kidneys visible in plain film
32
How does the left hand intravenous pyelogram compare to the right?
Left: normal Right: obstruction of the left ureter by way of a kidney stone with dilation of the calyces of the kidney (also termed hydronephrosis)
33
What are some ways that an obstruction can occur in the kidneys/ureters/bladder?
* Trauma * Scarring * Tumor or cyst * Stones
34
What is obvious in this image when comparing sides?
Unilateral hydronephrosis
35
What presumably caused this condition?
Stone has lodged at distal end of the ureter | unilateral hydronephrosis
36
This is a gross image of what pathology?
Hydronephrosis (swelling)
37
What is a common cause of this condition in males?
Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) | hydronephrosis
38
What are the common presenting signs in an individual with nephrolithiasis?
"Loin to groin" pain which is colicky in nature
39
What are some risk factors for nephrolithiasis?
* Familial and hereditary predisposition * Inborn errors of metabolism: gout, cystinuria, primary hyperoxaluria * Men more affected than women
40
# nephrolithiasis What are the most common type of kidney stones in terms of chemical makeup?
Calcium-based stones
41
# nephrolithiasis Which type of stones will occur in individuals who have had multiple kidney infections?
Struvite mineral stones
42
# nephrolithiasis Which stones are associated with metabolic conditions?
Errors in amino acid metabolism can produce a rare stone, cystine stone
43
# nephrolithiasis Which stones are associated with genetic conditions?
Those with gouty arthritis have a tendency to produce uric acid stones
44
What condition is this?
Renal cell carcinoma
45
What is the triad of symptoms that come with this malignancy?
Hematuria, palpable mass, flank pain | renal cell carcinoma
46
When does this condition typically present?
Later in life | renal cell carcinoma
47
Which of these pathologies remains within the renal capsule: renal cell carcinoma or nephroblastoma?
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
48
What condition is this?
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
49
What symptoms present with this condition?
A flank mass, hematuria, and hypertension | nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
50
What is the cause of this condition?
Associated with WT mutation (tumor suppressor gene) | nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
51
These are images of the bladder What is visualized in pane A?
Foci of hemorrhage on hyperemic bladder mucosa
52
These are images of the bladder What is visualized in pane B?
Foci of mucosal hemorrhage
53
These are images of the bladder What is visualized in pane C?
PMNs infiltrating mucosa
54
These are images of the bladder What condition is this?
Acute cystitis
55
What are some etiologies of this condition?
Infectious agents (as found in urinalysis) | acute cystitis
56
How does this condition present?
* Dysuria * Urinary frequency and urgency * Supra and retropubic pain * "Coffee grounds" urine | acute cystitis
57
This is a bladder What is shown by the arrow?
Hemorrhagic defect in the edematous mucosa of the bladder | interstital cystitis
58
What is a risk of having this condition?
Chronic bladder infection | interstitial cystitis
59
Indicated by the arrow is a hemorrhagic defect in the edematous mucosa of the bladder What condition is this?
Interstitial cystitis
60
Where in the bladder do most tumors occur and in what pattern?
Posterior and lateral walls in a papillary pattern
61
What are the risk factors for developing this pathology?
* **Smoking** * Age * Bladder stones * Chemotherapy | bladder cancer
62
What is seen at the arrow in this image of the bladder?
Large exophytic tumor within the lumen of the bladder | bladder cancer
63
What is the most common subtype of bladder cancer?
Transitional cell carcinoma arising from the lining of the bladder or urethra
64
How does this condition generally present?
Painless hematuria
65
What is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma in the bladder?
chronic cystitis

Visceral Pathology Lab Final (3 decks)

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