[LAB' ACTIVITY 2: THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

Question 1

The excretory system performs important functions necessary in order to maintain [?].

Answer 1

homeostasis

Question 2

The excretory system is composed of four organs:

Answer 2

(1) kidneys, (2) ureters, (3) urinary bladder and (4) urethra.

Question 3

The primary function of the excretory system is to get rid of [?] and other substances which may be harmful to the body.

Answer 3

metabolic wastes

Question 4

This function is accomplished through [?] and the organ responsible for this is the kidney.

Answer 4

urine formation

Question 5

Renal physiology needed for urine formation involves three essential processes:

Answer 5

(1) glomerular filtration, (2) renal reabsorption and (3) renal secretion.

Question 6

involves the removal of substances from the circulation which eventually becomes part of the urine.

Answer 6

Glomerular filtration

Question 7

Glomerular filtration is affected by factors that include the

Answer 7

filtration barrier, net filtration pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 8

refers to the movement of essential substances from the filtrate back to the circulation

Answer 8

Tubular reabsorption

Question 9

This involves transport mechanisms, specifically active and passive transport. The transport mechanism involved in the transport depends upon the specific substance as well as the area where the movement occurs. In relation to this, countercurrent mechanism is essential in ensuring that water will be passively reabsorbed in the descending Loop of Henle located in the medullary region.

Answer 9

Tubular reabsorption

Question 10

The transport mechanism involved in the transport depends upon the specific [?]as well as the area where the [?] occurs.

Answer 10

substance ; movement

Question 11

In relation to this, countercurrent mechanism is essential in ensuring that water will be passively reabsorbed in the [?] located in the medullary region.

Answer 11

descending Loop of Henle

Question 12

The last renal function needed for urine formation is

Answer 12

tubular secretion

Question 13

This process allows the excretion of waste products and other potentially harmful substances which were not filtered out by the glomerulus.

Answer 13

tubular secretion

Question 14

Maintaining the body’s [?] is another importance of this process. H+ ions are secreted by the renal tubular cells in exchange for bicarbonate. The H+ ions will then combine with either phosphate ions or ammonia and excreted out as part of the urine.

Answer 14

acid-base balance

Question 15

Urine concentration is achieved by the renal processes of

Answer 15

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

Question 16

Depending on the body’s [?], urine may be concentrated or diluted.

Answer 16

state of hydration

Question 17

The hormone that primarily affects urine concentration is

Answer 17

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 18

This hormone ensures water-balance by allowing more water molecules to be excreted or reabsorbed in the renal tubules.

Answer 18

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Apart from water molecules, other solutes such as [?], are also either reabsorbed or excreted out depending on the body’s need.

Answer 19

electrolytes

Question 20

permits the excretion of non-essential solutes and toxic wastes from the circulation.

Answer 20

Tubular secretion

Question 21

This process generally contributes to an increase in urine concentration.

Answer 21

Tubular secretion