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Japanese > lab and listening > Flashcards

lab and listening Flashcards

1
Q

Concisely describe how to safely dispose the agar plates

A

Place in the plastic bag and autoclave

Heat melts the plastic agar plate

can be discarded

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2
Q

How to place the agar plate for incubation

A

upside down so that condensation doesn’t form on the side with the medium

37 degrees C and 5% CO2 atmosphere

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3
Q

Agar plates

A

petri dishes with an agar medium on it that allows for the growth of microorganisms

can have LB or antibiotics on it as well

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4
Q

LB

A

a broth created to promote bacterial growth

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5
Q

Ampicillin

A

an antibiotic that can be on the plate to help with the creation of a specific bacterial colony

antibiotic resistance

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6
Q

Permissive plate

A

allows the growth of any bacterial colony

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7
Q

Restrictive plate

A

allows growth of specific colonies based on antibiotic resistance

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8
Q

Indicator plate

A

shows colonies based on color

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9
Q

List the major procedures to making agar plates

A

Add 500 mL of distilled water into a 1 L flask

Insert LB agar tablets

cover with aluminum foil

autoclave

50 mg Amp and dissolve in 1 mL distilled water

LB flask cools to 55 degree C, add Amp mixture

Pour the liquid onto each plate (don’t open the lids all of the way) - about 5 mm

Swirl the plates in a circular motion, let cool for 20 min, incubate upside down

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10
Q

We have 60 uL digested DNA solution and 4X blue dye DNA loading buffer. In order to run DNA gel, we need to add a certain volume of 4X blue dye DNA loading buffer into DNA solution to obtain a final mixed solution with IX blue dye. Please calculate how much volume of 4X blue dye DNA loading buffer which you need to take and add it into DNA solution

A

60 + x = 4X
60 = 3X
20 = X

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11
Q

ゲ—ム

A

game

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12
Q

アリバイト

A

part time job

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13
Q

バイト

A

part time job

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14
Q

かいもの

A

shopping

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15
Q

クラス

A

class

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16
Q

いぬ

A

dog

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17
Q

ねこ

A

cat

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18
Q

ひと

A

person

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19
Q

こども

A

child

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20
Q

あなた

A

you

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21
Q

いす

A

chair

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22
Q

つくえ

A

desk

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23
Q

しゃしん

A

picture

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24
Q

はな

A

flower

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25
Q

レポ—ト

A

term paper

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26
Q

ごはん

A

rice

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27
Q

パン

A

bread

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28
Q

おてら

A

temple

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29
Q

こうえん

A

park

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30
Q

ス—パ—

A

supermarket

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31
Q

バスてい

A

bus stop

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32
Q

びょういん

A

hospital

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33
Q

ホテル

A

hotel

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34
Q

ほにゃ

A

bookstore

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35
Q

まち

A

town, city

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36
Q

レストラン

A

restaurant

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37
Q

geemu

A

game

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38
Q

aribaito

A

part time job

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39
Q

baito

A

part time job

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40
Q

kaimono

A

shopping

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41
Q

kurasu

A

class

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42
Q

inu

A

dog

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43
Q

neko

A

cat

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44
Q

hito

A

person

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45
Q

kodomo

A

child

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46
Q

anata

A

you

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47
Q

isu

A

chair

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48
Q

tsukue

A

desk

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49
Q

shashin

A

picture

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50
Q

hana

A

flower

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51
Q

repooto

A

term paper

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52
Q

gohan

A

rice, meal

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53
Q

pan

A

bread

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54
Q

otera

A

temple

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55
Q

kouen

A

park

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56
Q

suupaa

A

supermarket

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57
Q

basutei

A

bus stop

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58
Q

byouin

A

hospital

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59
Q

hoteru

A

hotel

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60
Q

honnya

A

bookstore

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61
Q

machi

A

town, city

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62
Q

resutoran

A

restaurant

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63
Q

We have 50 uL digested DNA solution and 5X blue dye DNA loading buffer. In order to run DNA gel, we need to add a certain volume of 5X blue dye DNA loading buffer into DNA solution to obtain a final mixed solution with 1X blue dye. Please calculate how much volume of 5X blue dye DNA loading buffer which you need to take and add it into DNA solution

A

50 + X = 5X

50 = 4x

12.5 = x

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64
Q

What do plasmids mean

A

Double-stranded

circular DNA

in bacteria

used for transformations of foreign DNA into bacterial cells

covalently closed

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65
Q

Are plasmids chromosomal molecules

A

No

extrachromosomal DNA that’s self-replicating

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66
Q

Vectors

A

used to carry exogenous DNA from somewhere else and insert it into a host cell

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67
Q

Plasmid vector

A

vectors where a plasmid is used to carry the exogenous DNA, so it’s transformed into recombinant DNA and introduced back into the cell

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68
Q

Competent cells

A

capable of taking exogenous DNA and have it inserted into their cells via transformation

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69
Q

What is the purpose to use competent cells

A

capable of taking exogenous DNA and have it inserted into their cells through a transformation

higher efficiency

used to propagate and maintain cloned DNA in plasmids

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70
Q

Transformation

A

exogenous DNA is taken into the new bacteria

replaces a section on the plasmid (Lac Z)

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71
Q

Major steps of a transformation

A

thaw competent cells

mix 2 uL sample and 50 uL competent cells

keep on ice for 30 min

heat shock 35 sec

ice 2 min

add LB

incubate on shaker at 37 degree C for 1 hour

plate on agar plate using sterile beads

incubate 37 degree C overnight

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72
Q

During transformation, which heat shock temperature is used

A

42 degree C

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73
Q

Why are heat shock time and temperature crucial

A

you don’t want to destroy your DNA or your cell

you want to heat it enough so that the DNA can enter the cell, but not too long that your bacteria cells begin to die

heat shock allows the DNA to enter through the membrane

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74
Q

What is the purpose to use the appropriate antibiotic during the transformation procedure

A

antibiotic resistance

transformed bacteria will be given an antibiotic resistance gene, so all non-transformed bacteria will die on the agar plate and the transformed bacteria will grow

Amp plate for Amp resistance

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75
Q

きのう

A

yesterday

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76
Q

…じかん

A

hour counter (duration)

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77
Q

いちじかん

A

for one hour

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78
Q

せんしゅう

A

last week

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79
Q

とき (の)

A

when…, at the time of…

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80
Q

げつようび

A

Monday

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81
Q

かようび

A

Tuesday

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82
Q

すいようび

A

Wednesday

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83
Q

もくようび

A

Thursday

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84
Q

きにょうい

A

Friday

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85
Q

あう (に)

A

to meet, to see (a person)

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86
Q

ある (に, が)

A

there is…

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87
Q

かう

A

to buy

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88
Q

かく

A

to write

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89
Q

とる

A

to take (a picture)

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90
Q

まつ

A

to wait

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91
Q

わかる (が)

A

to understand

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92
Q

いる (に, が)

A

there is… (living thing)

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93
Q

ぐらい

A

about (approximate measurement)

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94
Q

ごめんなさい

A

I’m sorry

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95
Q

それから

A

and then

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96
Q

だから

A

so, therefore

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97
Q

たくさん

A

many, a lot

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98
Q

と

A

together with (a person), and

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99
Q

どうして

A

why

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100
Q

ひとりで

A

alone

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101
Q

もし もし

A

hello? (on the phone)

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102
Q

kinou

A

yesterday

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103
Q

jikan

A

hour counter (duration)

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104
Q

ichijikan

A

for one hour

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105
Q

senshuu

A

last week

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106
Q

toki (no)

A

when…, at the time of…

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107
Q

getsuyoubi

A

monday

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108
Q

kayoubi

A

tuesday

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109
Q

suiyoubi

A

wednesday

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110
Q

mokuyoubi

A

thursday

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111
Q

kinyoubi

A

friday

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112
Q

au (ni)

A

to meet, to see (a person)

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113
Q

aru (ni, ga)

A

there is…

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114
Q

kau

A

to buy

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115
Q

kaku

A

to write

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116
Q

toru

A

to take (a picture)

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117
Q

matsu

A

to wait

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118
Q

wakaru (ga)

A

to understand

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119
Q

iru (ni, ga)

A

there is… (living thing)

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120
Q

gurai

A

about (approximate measurement)

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121
Q

gomennasai

A

i’m sorry

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122
Q

sorekara

A

and then

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123
Q

dakara

A

so, therefore

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124
Q

takusan

A

many, a lot

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125
Q

to

A

together with (a person), and

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126
Q

doushite

A

why

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127
Q

hitoride

A

alone

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128
Q

moshi moshi

A

hello? (on the phone)

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129
Q

What do restriction endonucleases or restriction enzymes mean

A

enzymes in bacteria created as a defense mechanism to digest foreign DNA

breaks DNA at a recognition sequence with 2 breaks (1 through backbone, 1 through double helix)

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130
Q

Recognition sequence

A

DNA-binding protein motif where restriction enzymes cut the DNA

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131
Q

blunt end

A
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132
Q

sticky end

A
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133
Q

overhanging sing-strand

A
134
Q

how to set up a restriction endonuclease reaction

A

enzyme on ice

spin 30 sec

add buffer, BSE, and enzyme to DNA and water

spin 30 sec to mix

37 degree C water bath for 3 hours (or overnight)

135
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

A
136
Q

antarctic phosphatase

A
137
Q

difference between alkaline and Antarctic phosphatase

A
138
Q

How to use CIP or Antarctic phosphatase

A

use NE buffer to dissolve DNA

add vector DNA and CIP

continue on with the steps

centrifuge 30 sec

incubate 37 degree C for 1 hour

purify using a gel (cut out bands, dissolve ,etc)

139
Q

How to prepare for 1 mL DNA solution in dH2O by diluting your DNA sample with a 1:250 dilution factor

A

1:250
2:500
3:750
4:1000

4:996

140
Q

みぎ

A

right

141
Q

ひだり

A

left

142
Q

まえ

A

front

143
Q

うしろ

A

back

144
Q

なか

A

inside

145
Q

うえ

A

on

146
Q

した

A

under

147
Q

ちかく

A

near, nearby

148
Q

となり

A

next

149
Q

あいだ

A

between

150
Q

migi

A

right

151
Q

hidari

A

left

152
Q

mae

A

front

153
Q

ushiro

A

back

154
Q

naka

A

inside

155
Q

ue

A

on

156
Q

shita

A

under

157
Q

chikaku

A

near, nearby

158
Q

tonari

A

next

159
Q

aida

A

between

160
Q

List major steps in QIAprep miniprep procedure

A

Add LB and centrifuge in falcon tube

discard supernatent

resuspend pellet in p1

add p2 and mix by inversion

add n3 and mix by inversion

put in column tube and centrifuge

discard supernatent

add PE. centrifuge. discard supernatent

spin empty

change column to new microcentrifuge tube

add elution buffer as close to the filter as possible without touching it

let sit for 1 min. centrifuge. discard column

161
Q

What is the purpose of LyseBlue

A

color indicator that shows optimum buffer mixing

prevents errors that lead to inefficient cell lysis and incomplete precipitation of SDS, genomic DNA, and cell debris

162
Q

at is the purpose of RNaseA

A

removes RNA from genomic DNA

163
Q

function of Buffer P2

A

lysis buffer

164
Q

function of Buffer N3

A

creates all of the right binding conditions to the membrane

165
Q

At what wavelength does the maximum absorption of UV light occur for DNA

A

260 nm

166
Q

At what wavelength does the maximum absorption of UV light occur for proteins

A

280 nm

167
Q

What is a ratio of OD 260 / OD 280 that is less than 1.8 indicative of in relation to DNA

A

protein contamination in your sample DNA

168
Q

Do not allow the lysis reaction to proceed for more than 5 min after adding buffer p2. why

A

if you go longer than 5 min, then you’ll have more chromosomal DNA and it’ll begin to denature the plasmid

keeping it below 5 min allows for the release of plasmid DNA from the cell

169
Q

how to prepare for 1 mL dna solution dH2O by dilution your sample with 1:200 dilution

A

1 uL for 200 uL
2 uL for 400 uL
3 uL for 600 uL
4 uL for 800 uL
5 uL for 1000 uL

995 uL of dH2O and 5 uL of DNA

170
Q

What is the function of QIA spin column

A

separates DNA we want from all of the waste and other parts that we don’t want (cell debris, RNA, proteins, etc)

PB helps it bind to the filter

When spun, everything we don’t want goes through the filter and DNA binds to the filter

PE is the wash buffer and it cleans off waste from DNA

Elution buffer brings the DNA through the filter

171
Q

ついたち

A

1st

172
Q

ふつか

A

2nd

173
Q

みっか

A

3rd

174
Q

よっか

A

4th

175
Q

いつか

A

5th

176
Q

むいか

A

6th

177
Q

tsutachi

A

1st

178
Q

futsuka

A

2nd

179
Q

mikka

A

3rd

180
Q

yokka

A

4th

181
Q

itsuka

A

5th

182
Q

muika

A

6th

183
Q

なのか

A

7th

184
Q

ようか

A

8th

185
Q

ここのか

A

9th

186
Q

とおか

A

10th

187
Q

nanoka

A

7th

188
Q

youka

A

8th

189
Q

kokonoka

A

9th

190
Q

tooka

A

10th

191
Q

DNA gel electrophoresis

A

when you use a gel made from agarose to separate DNA molecules using an electric current

192
Q

How does DNA gel electrophoresis work

A

agarose gel made from powder agarose and liquid buffer (TAE or TBE)

placed in the gel chamber

once solid, placed in the gel machine with the same liquid buffer (which is ion-rich)

because phosphate groups on DNA have a net negative charge, DNA migrates to the anode (positive pole)

pores in the agarose gel that are responsible for the way different sizes of DNA migrate through

193
Q

What is the function of DNA ladders

A

goes in the 1st or last well

contains different components of known different sizes

when you run a gel, it looks like a ladder and can be used to compare your samples to

194
Q

Ethidium bromide function

A

DNA stain that binds to DNA and absorbs UV light

gives off orange visible light when placed on UV transilluminator

195
Q

Which DNA fragments run fast and why

A

smaller fragments

pores in the gel allow smaller fragments to get through easier than larger ones

196
Q

DNA loading buffer

A

makes DNA denser than the electrophoresis buffer

can also contain dyes so that you can see the DNA after running the gel

it will make the sample sit at the bottom of the wells

197
Q

UV transiluminator

A

gives off UV light on the gel after running so that you can see your fluorescently-dyed DNA

198
Q

In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate to…

A

the anode (red) because the phosphate groups are negative on the DNA

199
Q

function of TAE buffer

A

mixture of TRIS, EDTA, and glacial acetic acid

TRIS - buffer that works between a pH of 7-9

EDTA - metal chelator that binds to metal ions that are a cofactor for DNase

Glacial acetic acid - provides the proper ion concentration

TAE should be used for separating large fragments, cloning, and DNA extraction from a gel

allow nucleic acids to move through the agarose matrix

200
Q

Function of EDTA in TAE buffer

A

metal chelator that binds to metal ions like magnesium, which are required cofactor for DNase activity

201
Q

たべもの

A

food

202
Q

のみもの

A

drink

203
Q

くだもの

A

fruit

204
Q

やすみ

A

holiday, day off, absence

205
Q

りょこう

A

travel

206
Q

うみ

A

sea

207
Q

サ—フイ(little)ン

A

surfing

208
Q

おみやげ

A

souvenir

209
Q

バス

A

bus

210
Q

てんき

A

weather

211
Q

しゅくだい

A

homework

212
Q

テスト

A

test

213
Q

たんじょうび

A

birthday

214
Q

へや

A

room

215
Q

ぼく

A

I (used by men)

216
Q

エルサイズ

A

size L

217
Q

あたらしい

A

new

218
Q

ふるい

A

old

219
Q

あつい

A

hot

220
Q

さむい

A

cold (weather)

221
Q

いそがしい

A

busy

222
Q

おおきい

A

large

223
Q

ちいさい

A

small

224
Q

おもしろい

A

interesting, funny

225
Q

つまらない

A

boring

226
Q

やさしい

A

easy (problem), kind (person)

227
Q

むずかしい

A

difficult

228
Q

かっこいい

A

good-looking

229
Q

こわい

A

frightening

230
Q

tabemono

A

food

231
Q

nomimono

A

drink

232
Q

kudamono

A

fruit

233
Q

yasumi

A

holiday, day off, absence

234
Q

ryokou

A

travel

235
Q

umi

A

sea

236
Q

saafin

A

surfing

237
Q

omiyage

A

souvenir

238
Q

basu

A

bus

239
Q

tenki

A

weather

240
Q

shukudai

A

homework

241
Q

tesuto

A

test

242
Q

tanjoubi

A

birthday

243
Q

heya

A

room

244
Q

boku

A

I (used by men)

245
Q

erusaizu

A

size L

246
Q

atarashii

A

new

247
Q

furui

A

old

248
Q

atsui

A

hot

249
Q

samui

A

cold (weather)

250
Q

isogashii

A

busy

251
Q

ookii

A

large

252
Q

chiisai

A

small

253
Q

omoshiroi

A

interesting, funny

254
Q

tsumaranai

A

boring

255
Q

yasashii

A

easy (problem), kind (person)

256
Q

muzukashii

A

difficult

257
Q

kakkouii

A

good-looking

258
Q

kowai

A

frightening

259
Q

What does PCR mean

A

technique to amplify a specific segment of DNA into many copies

260
Q

major pcr steps

A

denature - hot temp to separate DNA strands

annealing - lower temp when primers attach to ssDNA

elongation - when DNA polymerase creates 2nd strand

261
Q

dna polymerase

A

enzymes that helps amplify dna

uses ssdna as a template to make complementary strand

needs a primer

262
Q

what are dna primers and what do they do

A

made of RNA and DNA bases

first 2 bases always RNA

synthesized by primase

anneals to the ssDNA to create a 3’ OH group for DNA polymerase to begin working

263
Q

taq polymerase

A

thermostable DNA polymerase

lacks 3’ to 5’ exonuclease proofreading activity

264
Q

たのしい

A

fun

265
Q

やすい

A

cheap

266
Q

tanoshii

A

fun

267
Q

yasui

A

cheap

268
Q

すき (な)

A

to like

269
Q

きらい (な)

A

to dislike

270
Q

suki (na)

A

to like

271
Q

kirai (na)

A

to dislike

272
Q

だいすき (な)

A

to love

273
Q

だいきらい (な)

A

to haite

274
Q

きれい (な)

A

beautiful, clean

275
Q

げんき (な)

A

healthy, energetic

276
Q

しずか (な)

A

quiet

277
Q

にぎやか (な)

A

lively

278
Q

ひま (な)

A

not busy

279
Q

daisuki (na)

A

to love

280
Q

daikirai (na)

A

to hate

281
Q

kirei (na)

A

beautiful, clean

282
Q

genki (na)

A

healthy, energetic

283
Q

shizuka (na)

A

quiet

284
Q

nigiyaka (na)

A

lively

285
Q

hima (na)

A

not busy

286
Q

およぐ

A

to swim

287
Q

きく (に)

A

to ask

288
Q

のる (に)

A

to ride, to board

289
Q

やる

A

to do, to perform

290
Q

でかける

A

to go out

291
Q

oyogu

A

to swim

292
Q

kiku (ni)

A

to ask

293
Q

noru (ni)

A

to ride, to board

294
Q

yaru

A

to do, to perform

295
Q

dekakeru

A

to go out

296
Q

いっしょに

A

together

297
Q

すごく

A

extremely

298
Q

だいじょうぶ

A

it’s okay

not to worry

everything is under control

299
Q

とても

A

very

300
Q

どんな

A

what kind of…

301
Q

まい

A

counter for flat objects

302
Q

isshoni

A

together

303
Q

sugoku

A

extremely

304
Q

daijoubu

A

it’s okay

everything is under control

not to worry

305
Q

totemo

A

very

306
Q

donna

A

what kind of…

307
Q

mai

A

counter for flat objects

308
Q

DNA ligation

A

catalyzed by DNA ligase

involves covalently bonding 2 broken DNA fragments / strands

309
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzymes that catalyze forming bonds between 2 broken DNA fragments / strands

310
Q

how to set up ligation reaction with Roche kits

A

add T4 DNa ligase, T4 DNA ligase buffer, water, vector DNA, and insert DNA to a tube

ligase goes last

let incubate at room temp for 15 min

311
Q

T4 DNA ligase

A

catalyzes phosphodiester bonds between either blunt or sticky ends

312
Q

T4 DNA ligase buffer

A

sets up binding conditions

has ATP so ligase can function

313
Q

What is the best ratio of backbone and insert

A

1:1

314
Q

what does gel extraction mean

A

taking DNA fragments from the band cut from the gel run and purify it so that the fragments can be used in the future

cut out band you want

put in microcentrifuge rube

add 1mL QG buffer

dissolve by putting in hot water bath

transfer to spin column and centrifuge

discard flow through

add QG buffer again and centrifuge and discard flow through

add PE buffer and centrifuge and discard flow through

spin empty

change outside of column to a clean microcentrifuge tube and add EB buffer

let sit before centrifuging again

315
Q

function of QG buffer

A

solubility of agarose

used to dissolve the agarose from the gel

helps with binding to the column membrane

contains pH indicator (supposed to be yellow)

316
Q

PE buffer

A

wash buffer to remove contaminants

317
Q

EB buffer

A

elution buffer. anything bound to the membrane exits when spun down after using EB

318
Q

what is the purpose of isopropanol

A

increases the yield of DNA fragments

add to PE and helps as part of the wash buffer

319
Q

purpose of pH indicator gel extraction

A

tells you if the pH is too high

yellow = okay

orange / darker color = pH too high

320
Q

absorption of DNA to silica depends on pH. 95% when pH is

A

pH < 7.5

321
Q

efficiency of DNA is dependent of pH. The maximum elution is achieved at pH

A

between 7.0 and 8.5

322
Q

open reading frame

A

sequence of DNA that starts with the start codon and ends with a stop codon

codes for a protein and is about 100 codon groups long

323
Q

how to find open reading frame

A

find the start codon

324
Q

what is the first amino acid residue of one orf

A

met (the start codon codes for it)

325
Q

how does one orf stop after the last amino acid residue

A

when you reach stop codon

tell ribosomes that they’ve reached the end and to release the polypeptide chain created from the orf

326
Q

function of blast

A

compare your query sequence to sequenced dna from their online database

important to compare because orf are conserved between proteins, so if your query sequence has an orf that’s the same as another sample, you can use it to try to figure out the purpose of the protein coded from the orf (and shape and all that stuff)

327
Q

major steps of pfu-mutagenesis

A

mutant strand synthesis

DNP1 treatment to remove any parental plasmids

transformation using IPTG and X-gal

328
Q

function of DPN1 enzyme

A

remove parental plasmid present after PCR

parental strands are methylated and new plasmids are unmethylated

329
Q

function of beta-mercaptoethanol

A

precipitate DNA fragment

330
Q

describe mutagenesis results

A

TAA - CAA

blue colonies, not white colonies

beta galactoside activity is restored

331
Q

mutagenesis competend cells are different from regular transformation

A

ultra cold competent cells (even better competent cells)

332
Q

you just gotta look at the separate cards for l6 japanese

A

sorry :)

Japanese (23 decks)

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