Lab Chapter 2 Flashcards by Kuoki Takaaki

are collections of similar cells and the extracellular matrix surrounding them

Tissues

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is the study of tissues

Histology

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The four primary tissue types are:

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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Forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives

Endoderm

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Forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels

Mesoderm

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Forms the outermost layer of skin and the nervous system

Ectoderm

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Gives rise to all tissues of the body

Embryonic Tissue

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Covers surfaces
Has little extracellular material
Usually has a basement membrane
Has no blood vessels

Epithelial tissue

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Have a free, or apical, surface (not attached to other cells)
A lateral surface (attached to other cells)
A basal surface (attached to the basement membrane)

Epithelial cells

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Epithelial Tissue Functions

Protecting underlying structures
Example: outer layer of skin and oral mucosa
Acting as barriers
Example: outer layer of skin
Permitting the passage of substances
Example: epithelium in the lungs
Secreting substances
Example: mucous glands and sweat glands
Absorbing substances
Example: epithelial cells of the intestine

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has one layer of cells

Simple epithelium

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has more than one cell layer

Stratified epithelium

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has one layer, but appears to have two or more layers

Pseudostratified epithelium

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is stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched

Transitional epithelium

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are flat and thin

Squamous

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are cubelike

Cuboidal

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are tall and thin

Columnar

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Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells. Diffusion, Filtration, Secretion and Protection against friction

found in alveoli of the lungs

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Single layer of cube-shaped cells; some cells have microvilli (kidney tubules) or cilia (terminal bronchioles of the lungs) Active transport and facilitated diffusion result in secretion and absorption by cells of the kidney tubules.

found in kidney tubules, glands and their ducts

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Single layer of all, narrow cells; some cells have cilia. Movement of particles out of the bronchioles of the lungs by ciliated cells

found in glands and some ducts, bronchioles of lungs, auditory tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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Single layer of cells; some cells are tall and thin and reach the free surface, and others do not. Its function is to synthesize and secrete mucus onto the free surface and move mucus (or fluid) that contains foreign particles over the surface of the free surface and from passages

found in lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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Multiple layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface. Its function is to protect against abrasion, barrier against infection, reduction of water loss from the body

found in keratnized skin, nonkeratinized mouth, throat, larnyx

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Multiple layers of somewhat cube-shaped cells. Its function is secretion, absorption, protection against infection

found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, salivary gland ducts

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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Multiple layers of cells with tall, thin cells resting on layers of more cuboidal cells. Its function is for protection and secretion

found in mammary gland ducts, larynx, a portion of male urethra

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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Stratified cells that appear cuboidal when the organ or tube is not stretched and squamous when the organ or tube is stretched by fluid. Its function is to accommodate fluctuation in the volume of fluid in organs or tubes found in linings of urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra

Transitional Epithelium

is involved with Diffusion Secretion Absorption

Simple epithelium

serves a protective role

Stratified epithelium

function in Diffusion Filtration

Squamous cells

which contain cellular organelles Secrete Absorb

Cuboidal or columnar cells

A smooth, free surface reduces friction Example: Lining of blood vessels

Free Cell Surfaces

are cylindrical extensions of the cell membrane that increase surface area (cells involved in absorption of secretion) Example: Lining of the small intestines

Microvilli

propel materials over the cell surface Example: Lining of the nasal cavity and trachea

Cilia

bind adjacent cells together and form a permeability barrier

Tight junctions

mechanically bind cells together

Desmosomes

mechanically bind cells to the basement membrane

Hemidesmosomes

allow intercellular communication

Gap junctions

is a single cell or a multicellular structure that secretes

gland

______ glands do not have ducts Secrete hormones directly into the blood

Endocrine glands

______ have ducts Secretions are released onto a surface or into a cavity Sweat glands and mammary glands Classified by Structure How products leave the cell

Exocrine glands

have one duct

Simple

have ducts that branch repeatedly

Compound

ducts end in small tubes

Tubules

ducts end in saclike structures

Acini

ducts end in hollow sacs

Alveoli

no loss of cellular material (Ex. sweat glands)

Merocrine

part of the cell pinches off (Ex. mammary glands)

Apocrine

entire cell is shed (Ex. sebaceous glands)

Holocrine

Consist of cells seperated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix

Connective Tissue

Specialized cells of various connective tissues produce the extra cellular matrix

Connective Tissue Cells

cells form the matrix

Blast (germ)

cells maintain it

Cyte (cell)

cells break it down

Clast (break)

Collagen fibers are flexible but resist stretching Reticular fibers form a fiber network Elastic fibers recoil

Protein fibers

Proteoglycans in ground substance hold water, enabling connective tissues to return to their original shape after being compressed

Ground substance

Extracellular matrix contains

Protein fibers Ground substance Fluid

embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to six major categories of connective tissue

Mesenchyme

is the “loose packing” material of the body Fills the spaces between organs Holds organs in place

Loose, or areolar, connective tissue

Stores energy Pads and protects parts of the body Acts as a thermal insulator

Adipose tissue (fat)

consists of a matrix containing densely packed fibers Collagen fibers (Ex. tendons, ligaments, and dermis of the skin) Elastic fibers (Ex. elastic ligaments and in the walls of arteries)

Dense connective tissue

provides support

Cartilage

has a mineralized matrix forms most of the skeleton of the body

Bone

has a liquid matrix Found in blood vessels Produced in hemopoietic tissue (red bone marrow)

Blood

A fine network of fibers (mostly collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers) with spaces between the fibers fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes are located in the spaces. Its function is loose packing, support, and nourishment for the structures with which it is associated. found throughout the body

Loose Connective Tissue

Matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction. Its function is the ability to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation found in tendons and ligaments

Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

matrix composed of regularly arranged collagen fibers and elastin fibers. It is capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber-orientation its found in vocal folds and elastic ligaments between vertebrae

Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

Matrix composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers oriented in a somewhat single direction. Its function is tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions found in sheaths

Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

Matrix composed of bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastin fibers oriented in multiple directions. It is capable of strength with stretching and recoil in several directions found in elastic arteries

Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

Little extracellular matrix surrounding cells, the adipocytes or fat cells, are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell. Its function is packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred found predominantly in subcutaneous area, in yellow marrow in bones, in mesenteries, in renal pelvis, and around kineys, and attached to the surface of the colon

Adipose Tissue

Fine network of reticular fibers irregularly arranged. Its function is to provide a superstructure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues found within lymph nodes

Reticular Tissue

Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed int he matrix, making the matrix appear transparent. Its function is to allow growth of long bones, provide rigidity, etc found in growing long bones, cartiage rings

Hyaline Cartilage

Collagenous fibers similar to those in hyaline cartilage; the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles. Its function is somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure; connects structures subjected to great pressure found in intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis, articular disks

Fibrocartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastic fibers Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched found in External ears, epiglottis, auditory tubes

Elastic Cartilage

Hard, bony matrix predominates; spaces in the matrix contain osteocytes (not seen in this bone preparation); compact bone has more matrix than spaces and the matrix is organized into layers called lamellae; cancellous bone has more space than matrix Provides great strength and support and protects internal organs; provides attachment site for muscles and ligaments; joints allow movements found in Bones

Bone

Blood cells and a fluid matrix Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation Within blood vessels and heart; produced by the hemopoietic tissues (red bone marrow); white blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces

Blood

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

Specialized to contract, or shorten, making movement possible Length of muscle cells is greater than the diameter Sometimes called muscle fibers because they often resemble tiny threads

Muscle Tissue

Meat of animals Constitutes ~40% of a person’s body weight Attaches to the skeleton and allows for movement Voluntary, multinucleated, and striated (banded)

Skeletal

Muscle of the heart Connected to one another by intercalated disks (contain gap junctions) Involuntary, striated, and usually have one nucleus per cell

Cardiac

Forms the walls of hollow organs (except the heart) and also is found in the skin and the eyes Involuntary, not striated, and have a single nucleus

Smooth

Structure: appear striated (banded); cells are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located at the periphery Function: Movement of the body; under voluntary (conscious) control Location: Attaches to bone or other connective tissue

Skeletal Muscle

Structure: are cylindrical and striated and have a single, centrally located nucleus; they are branched and connected to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions Function: Pumps the blood; under involuntary (unconscious) control Location: In the heart

Cardiac Muscle

Structure: are tapered at each end, are not striated, and have a single nucleus Function: Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces "goose flesh" in the skin; under involuntary (unconscious) control Location: In hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestine

Smooth Muscle

conduct action potentials

Neurons

support the neurons

Neuroglia

line cavities that open to the outside of the body Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Contain glands Secrete mucus

Mucous membranes

line trunk cavities that do not open to the outside of the body pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities Do Not contain glands Secrete serous fluid

Serous membranes

line freely movable joints

Synovial membranes

Lab Chapter 2 Flashcards

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