Lab Exam 1

Question 1

Anatomy: Hypothalamus

Answer 1

Shaped like a flattened funnel below the thalamus nucleus, makes up the floor and walls of third ventricle

Question 2

Anatomy: Pituitary Gland/hypophysis

Answer 2

is suspended from floor of hypothalamus by infundibulum housed in sphenoid bone, looks like a kidney bean. Composed of two structures with independent origins and separate functions.

Question 3

Adenohypophysis/anterior pituitary

Answer 3

bigger of the two lobes contains ¾ of pituitary. Linked to hypothalamus by hypophyseal portal system w/ connecting capillaries. Hypothalamus regulates cells in pituitary.

Question 4

Neurohypophysis/posterior pituitary

Answer 4

¼ of the posterior portion of pituitary. Made of nervous tissue not a true glands. Hormones made by neuroendocrine cells that pass down hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to posterior lobe. Hormones are stored in and secreted from this lobe.

Question 5

Thyroid gland location and structure

Answer 5

largest gland that is purely endocrine w/ thyroid follicles lying adjacent to trachea below larynx shaped like butterfly joined inferiorly by isthmus. Receiving highest rate of blood flow for a tissue making red color. Composed of follicle sacs containing follicular cells that are protein-rich collagen w/ simple cuboidal epithelium.

Question 6

Parathyroid Gland structure

Answer 6

Dots located on parathyroid gland usually four posteriorly embedded in posterior surface of thyroid gland: can be found as high as hyoid bone to as low as aortic arch

Question 7

Adrenal Gland/suprarenal glands structure, location, and origin

Answer 7

cap on superior on kidneys, located retroperitoneal in body behind peritoneum and posterior body wall merge of two fetal glands of medulla and cortex (largest portion yellow).

Question 8

pancreatic isles structure and function

Answer 8

elongated, spongy gland behind stomach, retroperitoneal. Exocrine digestive gland w/ 1-2 million islets of langerhans responding directly to blood nutrient levels of glucose

Question 9

Atria

Answer 9

two that sit on top of ventricles, w/ most of mass posteriorly, not seen as much anteriorly, and are receiving chambers for blood returning to heart by great veins. Have earlike flaps increasing volume called auricles. Have thin flaccid walls because of light workload pumping blood into ventricles below and separated by interatrial septum w/ internal ridges called myocardium pectinate muscles

Question 10

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 10

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Question 11

myocardium

Answer 11

Myocardium- muscle layer of heart, thickest layer performing work of heart w/ its proportion based on workload of individual chambers organized into spiraling bundles around heart making twisting or wringing motion enhancing the ejection of blood.

Question 12

epicardium

Answer 12

visceral pericardium outer membrane serous layer of external heart surface, but inner layer of sac between heart and pericardium. Consisting of simple squamous epithelium overlying areolar tissue and some area w/ really thick fat or adipose tissue. Blood vessels going through this.

Question 13

endocardium

Answer 13

Inner layer of heart, lines inferior chambers of heart simple squamous epithelium overlying thin areolar tissue w/ no adipose and it covers valve surfaces continuous w/ endothelium of blood vessels.

Question 14

Ventricles how many? purpose? shape? function?

Answer 14

2 on bottom below atria. Pumps that eject blood into arteries and keep it flowing around body. Right ventricle more anterior C shape pumping only to lungs so moderately muscular, w/ most of left ventricle more posterior forming apex and inferoposterior aspect more circular 2-4 times thicker bearing greatest workload of the chambers pumping throughout entire body. Ventricles separated by thick muscular wall interventricular septum.

Question 15

trabecular carneae location? function?

Answer 15

internal ridges of ventricles w/ ridges serving to keep ventricular walls from clinging to each other when heart contracts allowing chambers to expand more easily when refilling.

Question 16

sulci how many? where are they? what are they called? what do they do?

Answer 16

Three Sulci (grooves)-filled by fat and coronary blood vessels consisting of the: coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus encircling heart near base and separates atria above from ventricles below. extending obliquely in front and back from coronary sulcus toward apex are anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular sulcus overling interventricular septum w/ all sulcia harboring largest of coronary blood vessels.

Question 17

The Valves

Answer 17

• help w/ blood flow to be one-way and stop blood from flowing backwards the wrong way into one of the chambers or vessels. Valve found between each atrium and ventricle and at exit from each ventricle into great artery w/ each valve consisting of two or three fibrous flaps called cusps or leaflets that are covered by endocardium.

Question 18

Atrioventricular valve? What are the names of the two main ones? Describe their structure and function?

Answer 18

(AV) regulate opening between atria and ventricles w/ the right side having three cusps (tricuspid) and the left having two (mitral/bicuspid valve). Has stringy tendinous cords (chordae tendineae) resembling shroud lines of parachute, connect valve cusps to conical papillary muscles (2-3 basal attachments to trabeculae carneae) on floor of ventricle preventing valves from flipping inside out or bulging into atria. This governs the timing of electrical excitation of papillary muscles, distributing mechanical stress, w/ redundancy protecting AV valve from mechanical failure should one attachment fail.

Question 19

Semilunar valve

Answer 19

(pulmonary and Aortic Valve)- regulate the flow of blood from ventricles to great arteries w/ three cusps. When blood is ejected from ventricles pushes through valves from below and presses cusps against arterial walls. When ventricles relax arterial blood flows backward toward ventricles, filling cusps w/ inflated pockets meeting at the center sealing the opening so a little blood flows back into ventricles. Pulmonary valve- controls opening from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk. Aortic valve- controls opening from left ventricle into aorta

Question 20

Blood Flow through the Chambers describe the tract

Answer 20

Blood that has been through systemic circuit returns by superior & inferior venae cavae to right atrium through AV (tricuspid) valve into right ventricle. When right ventricle contracts, ejects blood through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk or artery (only arteries in body carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs) exchanging CO2 and O2 at lungs. Blood returns from lungs by two pulmonary veins (only veins carrying oxygenated blood) on left and two on right where they empty into left atrium. Blood flows through left AV (mitral valve) to left ventricle w/ contraction ejecting blood through aortic valve into ascending aorta and through systemic circuit.

Question 21

Coronary Circulation what is it why is it needed? what are the two branches? how do they further split off?

Answer 21

5% of blood is pumped to itself to supply its own function through cardiac/coronary arteries and veins needing a high amount of blood, oxygen and nutrients to pump blood through rest of body. After aorta leaves ventricle gives off right and left coronary arteries in deep pockets formed by two of aortic valve cusps. Left coronary artery travels through coronary sulcus under left auricle dividing into: anterior interventricular branch and circumflex branch. Right coronary artery- supplies right atrium and sinoatrial node (pacemaker) continues along coronary sulcus under right auricle becoming right marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch: right marginal branch, posterior inter ventricular branch

Question 22

Anterior interventricular branch (AIB)

what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?

Answer 22

(left anterior descending branch)- travels down anterior interventricular sulcus to apex, rounds to the posterior side of heart where it meets posterior interventricular branch. Supplies blood to both ventricles and anterior 2/3rds of interventricular septum

Question 23

Circumflex branch what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?

Answer 23

continues around left side of heart in coronary sulcus giving off left marginal branch as it passes down left margin of heart and furnishes blood to left ventricle w/ it ending at the posterior side supplying blood to left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle.

Question 24

Right marginal branch what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?

Answer 24

runs towards the apex of heart supplying lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle

Question 25

Posterior interventricular branch (PIB) what is it? where does it go? what does it innervate?

Answer 25

right coronary artery goes around right side of heart to posterior, sending small branch to atrioventricular node, then giving off PIB. branch travels down corresponding sulcus supplying posterior walls of both ventricles to posterior portion of interventricular septum joining AIB of LCA.

Question 26

Venous drainage

Answer 26

route by which blood leaves an organ. After flowing through capillaries of heart wall 5-10% of coronary blood empties from multiple tiny vessels, smallest cardiac veins, directly into heart chambers especially right ventricle by three routes: great cardiac vein, posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein, left marginal, and coronary sinus.

Question 27

Great cardiac vein

Answer 27

collects blood from anterior aspect of heart and travels alongside anterior interventricular artery. Carries blood from apex toward coronary sulcus, arcing around left side of heart and empties into coronary sinus

Question 28

Posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein-

Answer 28

found in posterior interventricular sulcus, collects blood from posterior aspect of heart, carrying blood from apex upward and drains into same sinus

Question 29

Left marginal vein-

Answer 29

travels from point near apex up left margin, empties into coronary sinus

Question 30

Coronary sinus

Answer 30

large transverse vein in coronary sulcus on posterior side of heart, collects blood from all three of aforementioned veins and smaller ones empties blood into right atrium

Question 31

right common carotid artery

Answer 31

anterolateral region of neck alongside trachea supplying right side of head. medial outcropping from brachiocephalic trunk. divides into internal and external carotids External carotid supplies most external head structures

Question 32

left common carotid artery

Answer 32

splits off from aorta most medial vessel on right side pointing straight up goes to the anterolateral region of neck alongside trachea supplying left side of head. divides into internal and external carotids External carotid supplies most external head structures

Question 33

right & left subclavian artery

Answer 33

supplying shoulders and upper limbs | right is part of brachial plexus laterally, left is lateral to left common carotid

Question 34

brachiocephalic trunk

Answer 34

splits off on left of aortic arch to become Right common carotid Right subclavian

Question 35

aortic arch

Answer 35

curves to the left splitting off w/ brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian still aortic arch till it passes through aortic hiatus where it becomes descending/abdominal aorta

Question 36

ascending aorta

Answer 36

directly from left ventricle only branches are the right and left coronary arteries that supply heart afterward becomes aortic arch

Question 37

right coronary artery

Answer 37

...

Question 38

descending aorta

Answer 38

downward posterior to heart differently named in chest and abdomen Thoracic aorta above diaphragm Abdominal aorta below diaphragm

Question 39

inferior phrenic artery

Answer 39

supply inferior surface of diaphragm arising from aorta or celiac trunk artery depending on person issuing two or three suprarenal arteries

Question 40

aortic hiatus

Answer 40

space that the abdominal aorta passes through from thorax

Question 41

celiac trunk

Answer 41

``` supplies upper abdomen viscera three headed artery off of abdominal aorta. hepatic artery (liver), gastroduodenal artery, (stomach and two upper portions of small intestine), pancreatic (pancreas), gastric (stomach), splenic (spleen) ```

Question 42

suprarenal (superior, middle, inferior)

Answer 42

to adrenal gland

Question 43

superior mesenteric artery

Answer 43

supplies nearly all of small intestine and proximal half of large intestine arise medially from upper abdominal aorta

Question 44

lumbar artery

Answer 44

arise from lower aorta in four pairs supplying posterior abdominal wall (muscles, joints, and skin) spinal cord and other tissues in vertebra

Question 45

gonadal artery

Answer 45

are ovarian arteries in female and testicular arteries in male are extremely long because of original evolution of gonads being i in shoulders from time of fish.

Question 46

inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 46

.supplies distal end of large intestine

Question 47

common iliac artery

Answer 47

arise as aorta forks at inferior end

Question 48

internal iliac artery

Answer 48

to gluteal muscles on medial aspect of thigh, urinary bladder, rectum, prostate, and ductus deferent in male and uterus and vagina in female

Question 49

median sacral artery

Answer 49

tiny median artery at inferior end of aorta supplying sacrum and coccyx

Question 50

subclavian artery

Answer 50

rising over lung base of neck superior to clavicle branching at shoulder to supply shoulder and lower limb

Question 51

axillary artery

Answer 51

as subclavian passes first rib becomes axillary artery through the region w/ small thoracic branches and beyond humeral artery becomes brachial artery

Question 52

brachial artery

Answer 52

down medial and anterior sides of humerus ending distal to elbow, supplying anterior flexor muscles of brachium

Question 53

radial artery

Answer 53

descends forearm laterally, alongside radius, nourishing lateral forearm muscle place for pulse

Question 54

ulnar artery

Answer 54

descends medially through forearm, alongside ulna, nourishing medial forearm muscles

Question 55

palmer arches

Answer 55

anastomosis of radial and ulnar arteriess at wrist to palmar region and fingers

Question 56

axillary vein

Answer 56

(not on model) forms by union of brachial and basilica veins at lower margin of trees major passing through axillary region picking up cephalic to subclavian

Question 57

cephalic vein

Answer 57

arises from lateral side of network, traveling up lateral side of forearm and arm to shoulder joining axillary vein there

Question 58

basilic vein

Answer 58

(not on model) arises from medial side traveling up posterior side of forearm continuing into arm midway up arm joining brachial vein

Question 59

median cubital vein

Answer 59

short anastomosis between cephalic and basilica veins obliquely crossing cubital fossa (anterior bend of elbow)

Question 60

palmar vein

Answer 60

receive blood from fingers and palmar region anastomoses joining radial and ulnar veins

Question 61

femoral artery

Answer 61

passes through femoral triangle of upper medial thigh,

Question 62

great saphenous vein

Answer 62

(not on model). longest vein in body arising from medial side of arch traveling up leg and thigh tio inguinal region emptying into femoral vein inferior to inguinal

Question 63

popliteal artery and vein

Answer 63

continuation of femoral artery in political fossa at rear of knee where femoral emerges from opening in tendon of adductor magnus muscle ending where it becomes anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Question 64

posterior tibial artery and vein

Answer 64

pass up leg embedded deep in calf muscles, covering like inverted Y out into a single vein 2/4 of way up tibia

Question 65

anterior tibial artery and vein

Answer 65

travels up anterior side compartment of leg between tibia and fibula arising from medial side of dorsal venous arch converging distal to knee flow into popliteal vein

Question 66

dorsal venous arch vein

Answer 66

visible on surface of foot, superficial collects blood from toes and proximal part of foot

Question 67

arcuate artery

Answer 67

sweeps across foot from medial to lateral giving rise to vessels supplying toes.

Question 68

dorsalis pedis artery

Answer 68

transverses the ankle and upper medial surface of foot giving rise to arcuatee artery

Question 69

small saphenous vein

Answer 69

(not on model) arises from lateral side of arch and passes up that side of leg as far as knee draining into political vein

Question 70

Carotid bodies:

Answer 70

chemoreceptors- near common carotid innervated by glossopharyngeal for adjusting breathing for monitoring stabilizing pH, oxygen, and CO2 receptors

Question 71

Aortic bodies:

Answer 71

chemoreceptors in walls of aortic arch near arteries to head and arms, similar to carotid bodies w/ same structure and function but via vagus nerve

Question 72

Aortic bodies:

Answer 72

chemoreceptors in walls of aortic arch near arteries to head and arms, similar to carotid bodies w/ same structure and function but via vagus nerve

Question 73

Veins:

Answer 73

64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity. Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue Collapse when empty, expand easily Have steady blood flow Merge to form larger veins Subjected to relatively low blood pressure Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation

Question 74

Veins: | Kinds organized from smallest to largest

Answer 74

64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity. Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue Collapse when empty, expand easily Have steady blood flow Merge to form larger veins Subjected to relatively low blood pressure Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation post-capillary venue, muscular venues, medium veins, venous sinuses

Question 75

Veins: | Kinds organized from smallest to largest

Answer 75

64% of blood in veins increase in blood volume high capacity. Greater capacity for blood containment than arteries Thinner walls, flaccid, less muscular and elastic tissue Collapse when empty, expand easily Have steady blood flow Merge to form larger veins Subjected to relatively low blood pressure Averages 10 mm Hg with little fluctuation post-capillary venue, muscular venues, medium veins, venous sinuses large veins

Question 76

Post-capillary venule-

Answer 76

smallest receiving from capillary w/ small tunica interna and some fibroblasts around but no muscle, surrounded by pericytes, more porous than capillary, exchanging fluid w/ surrounding tissues allowing leukocytes.

Question 77

Muscular venules-

Answer 77

receive from postcapillary venule 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media, thin tunica externa

Question 78

Medium veins

Answer 78

- ex. Radial, ulnar, great saphenous. Tunica interna w/ endothelium (infoldings meeting in middle of lumen forming valves using skeletal muscle pump), basement membrane, loose connective tissue, thin internal elastic lamina, and thinner tunica media than arteries w/ bundles of smooth muscle w/ collagenous, reticular, and elastic tissue and thick tunica externa.

Question 79

Venous sinuses

Answer 79

-veins w/ thin walls, large lumens and no muscle ex coronary sinus of heart (posterior side of heart close to left atria), and dura of brain sacs of blood.

Question 80

Large veins

Answer 80

- more than 10mm, smooth muscle in all three tunics, thin tunica media moderate smooth muscle, tunica externa-thickest layer longitudinal bundles of muscle of smooth muscle ex. renal veins, internal jugular, pulmonary veins, Superior and inferior vena cava.

Question 81

Large veins

Answer 81

- more than 10mm, smooth muscle in all three tunics, thin tunica media moderate smooth muscle, tunica externa-thickest layer longitudinal bundles of muscle of smooth muscle ex. renal veins, internal jugular, pulmonary veins, Superior and inferior vena cava.

Question 82

Major Systemic Veins-

Answer 82

deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses

Question 83

Major Systemic Veins-

Answer 83

deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses

Question 84

Venous drainages-

Answer 84

in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein

Question 85

Venous drainages-

Answer 85

in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein

Question 86

Venous drainages-

Answer 86

in head and w/in brain w/ large, thin-walled dural sinuses form between layers of dura mater and drain blood from brain to internal jugular vein Internal jugular vein receives most of the blood from the brain Branches of external jugular vein drain the external structures of the head Upper limb is drained by subclavian vein

Question 87

Nasal bone

Answer 87

- medial nasal bones and maxillae laterally. Sphenoid and ethmoid bone compose roof of nasal cavity, hard palate is the floor w/ vomer forming inferior part of septum

Question 88

Lateral cartilage-

Answer 88

two cartilage inferior to nasal bone meeting at middle surrounding bridge of nose

Question 89

Septal nasal carilage

Answer 89

- line of cartilage in the middle between the lateral cartilages forming bridge of nose

Question 90

Minor alar cartilages

Answer 90

- two small cartilages below septal nasal cartilages posterior to the major alar cartilages

Question 91

Major alar cartilages-

Answer 91

below the lateral cartilage forming tip of nose on either side Dense connective tissue- flabby bits on either side of tip of nose

Question 92

Major alar cartilages-

Answer 92

below the lateral cartilage forming tip of nose on either side Dense connective tissue- flabby bits on either side of tip of nose

Question 93

Vestibule

Answer 93

beginning of nasal cavity w/ small dilated chamber inside nostril bordered by tip of nose, ala nasi, lined w/ stratified squamous epithelium w/ stiff guard hairs or vibrissae, which block debris from entering the nose.

Question 94

Nasal conchae

Answer 94

superior inferior and middle (turbinates)- project from lateral walls toward septum, below each concha is narrow air passage meatus making sure air contacts mucous membrane on way through catching dust etc. and in turn picking up moisture and heat

Question 95

Olfactory epithelium

Answer 95

- odors detected by sensory cells covering small area of roof of nasal fossa, adjacent parts of septum and superior concha. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ immotile cilia serve to bind odor molecules

Question 96

Respiratory epithelium

Answer 96

rest of nasal cavity. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium mobile cilia propelling mucous towards pharynx w/ goblet cells secreting mucus, w/ captured and inhaled dust, pollen, bacteria, and other foreign matter sticking to it and swallowed for digestion

Question 97

Pharynx-

Answer 97

muscular funnel extending from posterior nasal apertures to larynx w/ nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Muscles necessary in swallowing and speech split into three parts

Question 98

Nasopharynx

Answer 98

passes only air, distal to posterior nasal apertures and above soft palate, receives auditory tubes from middle ear housing pharyngeal tonsil, large particles cannot enter sticking to near tonsil because of curve lines by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 99

Oropharynx

Answer 99

space between posterior margin of soft palate and epiglottis, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium

Question 100

Laryngopharynx-

Answer 100

lies mostly posterior to larynx, extending from superior margin of epiglottis to inferior margin of cricoid cartilage beginning w/ esophages, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium

Question 101

Laryngopharynx-

Answer 101

lies mostly posterior to larynx, extending from superior margin of epiglottis to inferior margin of cricoid cartilage beginning w/ esophages, pass air, food, and drink lined by stratified squamous epithelium

Question 102

Larynx

Answer 102

Voicebook, cartilaginous chamber keeping food and drink out of airway. Superior portion begins w/ epiglottis. Ends w/ thyroid cartilage.

Question 103

Larynx

Answer 103

Voicebook, cartilaginous chamber keeping food and drink out of airway. Superior portion begins w/ epiglottis. Ends w/ thyroid cartilage.

Question 104

Epiglottis

Answer 104

- resting sits vertically, when swallowing extrinsic muscles of larynx pull larynx upward toward epiglottis while tongue pushes epiglottis down to meet it closing airway directing food to esophagus behind it.

Question 105

Cartilages in Throat:

Answer 105

epiglottic (spoon-shaped supportive plate), thyroid cartilage (shield-like shape covering anterior and lateral aspects of larynx w/ tip Adam’s apple stimulated by testosterone), cricoid cartilage (ringlike of cartilage above trachea), arytenoid (posterior to thyroid cartilage attached to the vocal cords. cricoid and thyroid cartilage constitute the “box of voice box”.

Question 106

Extrinsic Ligaments in throat

Answer 106

thyrohyoid ligament- suspends larynx from hyoid bone above, cricotracheal ligament- below suspends trachea from cricoid cartilage

Question 107

Intrinsic ligaments of throat

Answer 107

vestibular folds inferior wall of larynx has two fold stretching from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages in back close larynx during swallowing supported by vestibular ligaments. Inferior vocal cords (folds) produce sound when air passes between them containing vocal ligaments covered w/ stratified squamous epithelium enduring vibration and contact between cords the opening between them is the glottis.

Question 108

Sound produced by.?

Answer 108

Intrinsic muscles pull on arytenoid causing cartilages to pivot abduct or adducting cord. Air forced between adducted vocal cords vibrates producing high pitched sounds when taut and lower-pitched when slack. Males- longer and thicker cords, vibrate slower and produce lower-pitched sounds. Loudness determined by force of air passing between

Question 109

Trachea

Answer 109

- windpipe anterior to esophagus made of hyaline cartilage rings that reinforce trachea keeping from collapsing when inhaling w/ an open part in back (allows food to pass) spanned by trachealis muscle that contracts and relaxes controlling for airflow. Are pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ mucus-secreting goblet cells, ciliated, and short basal stem cells trapping inhaled particles and upward beating drives debris-laden mucus toward pharynx where it is swallowed

Question 110

Carina

Answer 110

- trachea forks into left and right main bronchus w/ lowermost tracheal cartilage having internal median ridge directing airflow right and left.

Question 111

Carina

Answer 111

- trachea forks into left and right main bronchus w/ lowermost tracheal cartilage having internal median ridge directing airflow right and left.

Question 112

Anatomy of the Lungs-

Answer 112

lungs are conical w/ broad concave base and pointy superior apexes. Mediastinal surface- smaller concave pointing medially. Hilum- inside medial stinum a slit that contains all of the vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and bronchus. Costal surface- lateral posterior touches ribs. Fissures separate lobes of lungs. Because of way heart articulates have cardiac impression on left lung only have two lobes and one oblique fissure, right shorter than left because liver is higher on that side) but has more lobes (superior, (separated by horizontal fissure) middle, (separated by oblique fissure) and inferior).

Question 113

Anatomy of the Lungs-

Answer 113

lungs are conical w/ broad concave base and pointy superior apexes. Mediastinal surface- smaller concave pointing medially. Hilum- inside medial stinum a slit that contains all of the vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and bronchus. Costal surface- lateral posterior touches ribs. Fissures separate lobes of lungs. Because of way heart articulates have cardiac impression on left lung only have two lobes and one oblique fissure, right shorter than left because liver is higher on that side) but has more lobes (superior, (separated by horizontal fissure) middle, (separated by oblique fissure) and inferior).

Question 114

Bronchial Tree describe their branching pattern? which side has which attributes? and what is the structure of it and why?

Answer 114

branching system of air tubes extending from main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal branches. After fork and trachea right main (primary bronchus)-slightly wider and more vertical inhaled objects lodge more to superior, middle, and inferior lobar (secondary) bronchi. Left main bronchus narrower and more horizontal w/ superior and inferior lobar bronchi. The lungs then branch into the segmental (tertiary) bronchi 10 on right and 8 on left. Lined w/ ciliated- pseudostratified columnar epithelium growing shorter and thinner distally. Elastic connective tissue recoil of expelling air from lungs, smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae) contracting or relaxing to constrict or dilate airway regulating airflow.

Question 115

Bronchial Tree describe their branching pattern? which side has which attributes? and what is the structure of it and why?

Answer 115

branching system of air tubes extending from main bronchus to about 65,000 terminal branches. After fork and trachea right main (primary bronchus)-slightly wider and more vertical inhaled objects lodge more to superior, middle, and inferior lobar (secondary) bronchi. Left main bronchus narrower and more horizontal w/ superior and inferior lobar bronchi. The lungs then branch into the segmental (tertiary) bronchi 10 on right and 8 on left. Lined w/ ciliated- pseudostratified columnar epithelium growing shorter and thinner distally. Elastic connective tissue recoil of expelling air from lungs, smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae) contracting or relaxing to constrict or dilate airway regulating airflow.

Question 116

Alveoli-

Answer 116

bronchioles divide into 2-10 elongated, thin walled alveolar ducts w/ alveoli along walls made of nonciliated simple squamous epithelium where they end in sacs or clusters of alveoli around central atrium. Pulmonary artery follow bronchial tree to alveoli. Other arteries dont reach alveoli. Exchanged CO2 and O2 through capillaries and alveolar sacs across membrane

Question 117

Pathway of air:

Answer 117

nasal cavity →pharynx → trachea → main bronchus → lobar bronchus → segmental bronchus → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole.

Question 118

Pathway of air:

Answer 118

nasal cavity →pharynx → trachea → main bronchus → lobar bronchus → segmental bronchus → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole.

Question 119

Pleura-

Answer 119

serous membrane lining thoracic wall and forming surface of lung. Pleural layers of lungs- visceral covering of lung itself extends into fissures between lobes and folds back in on itself at hilum forming Parietal pleura, adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage and superior surface of diaphragm (connected to by pulmonary ligament). Pleural cavity- space between parietal and visceral pleura wraps around lungs w/ pleural fluid only filled when chest wounds.

Question 120

Pleura-

Answer 120

serous membrane lining thoracic wall and forming surface of lung. Pleural layers of lungs- visceral covering of lung itself extends into fissures between lobes and folds back in on itself at hilum forming Parietal pleura, adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage and superior surface of diaphragm (connected to by pulmonary ligament). Pleural cavity- space between parietal and visceral pleura wraps around lungs w/ pleural fluid only filled when chest wounds.

Question 121

prime mover of air in lungs? tell me how it works

Answer 121

Prime mover is diaphragm contractions flatten diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity pushing sternum and ribs outward, lowering air pressure to take lung in by suctioning air in pulling diaphragm down. relaxation allow diaphragm to bulge upward compressing lungs expelling air accounting for 2/3 of air flow.

Question 122

Internal intercostal

Answer 122

muscles go up praying going up and together, and external goes down as us leaving w/ hands in pockets. Accounts for about 1/3 of air. they intercostal stiffen thoracic cage during respiration preventing it from caving inward when diaphragm descends, enlarging and contracting thoracic cage.

Question 123

Scalene & sternocleidomastoid-

Answer 123

accessory muscles of respiration of neck fix ribs 1 & 2, helping lift thoracic cavity while external muscles pull others pull down Also elevates ribs during forced inspiration.

Question 124

Other accessory breathing muscles:

Answer 124

Serratusanteiror- feathered muscle across rib on back, pec major and minor erector spinae- arches back and increases chest diameter.

Question 125

Other accessory breathing muscles:

Answer 125

Serratusanteiror- feathered muscle across rib on back, pec major and minor erector spinae- arches back and increases chest diameter.

Question 126

Cervical lymph nodes

Answer 126

deep and superficial groupings in head and neck

Question 127

Axillary lymph nodes

Answer 127

armpit upper limb and female breast monitoring from upper limb and breast

Question 128

Thoracic lymph nodes

Answer 128

embedded in thoracic cavity in mediastinum receiving lymph from lungs and airway

Question 129

Abdominal

Answer 129

-posterior abdominal pelvic wall monitoring from urinary and reproductive systems

Question 130

Intestinal mesenteric lymph nodes

Answer 130

- found in mesentery adjacent to appendix and intestine monitoring lymph from digestive tract

Question 131

Inguinal lymph nodes

Answer 131

found in groin receiving from groin and lower limb

Question 132

Popliteal lymph nodes

Answer 132

back of knee receive from from lower legs

Question 133

Right Lymphatic Duct what convergences make it up?

Answer 133

formed by convergence of the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks in the right thoracic cavity. receives lymphatic drainage from the right arm and the right side of the thorax and head and empties into the right subclavian vein.

Question 134

Thoracic Duct: what convergences make it up?

Answer 134

on the left, larger and stronger. Begins just below diaphragm anterior to vertebral column at the level of second lumbar. Lymph from below diaphragm join it w/ the turning into duct cisterna cilli. Thoracic duct passes through diaphragm with the aorta and ascends the mediastinum adjacent to vertebral column. While passing thorax, it receives additional lymph from the left bronchomediastinal, left subclavian and left jugular trunks, then empties into the left subclavian vein. Collectively drains all of the body below the diaphragm and upper left limb, left side of head, neck and thorax.