LAB EXAM 2 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What does the upper respiratory system include?
A
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
2
Q
What does the lower respiratory system include?
A
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
3
Q
What does the conducting zone consist of?
A
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
4
Q
What is the function of the conducting zone?
A
Filter, warm, and moisten the air and conduct it into the lungs
5
Q
What does the respiratory zone consist of?
A
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
6
Q
What is the function of the respiratory zone?
A
Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood
7
Q
Name the function of the nasal cavity
A
Warms and filters air
8
Q
Name the function of the thyroid cartilage
A
Protects the vocal cords
9
Q
Name the function of the lungs
A
Gas exchange
10
Q
Name the function of the trachea
A
Transports air to the lung
11
Q
Name the function of the tracheal cartilages
A
Supports the trachea
12
Q
Name the function of the main bronchus (primary)
A
Passageway for air into the lungs
13
Q
Name the function of the secondary (lobar) bronchus
A
Passageway for air into the lungs
14
Q
Name the function of the tertiary (segmental) bronchus
A
Passageway for air into the lungs
15
Q
Name the function of the terminal bronchiole
A
Conduct air into the lungs
16
Q
Name the function of the respiratory bronchiole
A
Conduct air into the lungs
17
Q
Function of the larynx
A
Manipulates pitch and volume
18
Q
Describe the shape of the cartilage in the trachea. Why is this shape important?
A
C shape is important for the ability to swallow food
19
Q
Function of the parietal pleura
A
Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
20
Q
Function of the visceral pleura
A
Covers the lungs
21
Q
Function of the pleural fluid
A
Reduces friction between the membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing and allows surface tension
22
Q
Function of alveoli
A
Gas exchange
23
Q
Function of alveolar ducts
A
Gas exchange
24
Q
Function of type I alveolar cells
A
Form the lining of the alveolar wall and are the main sites of gas exchange
25
Function of type II alveolar cells
Secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist
26
Function of surfactant
Lowers the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
27
Does contraction of the external intercostals and diaphragm facilitate inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
28
Does contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominals facilitate inspiration or expiration?
Expiration
29
Define pulmonary ventilation
- The inhalation and exhalation of air
| - The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
30
Define external respiration
Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane
31
Define internal respiration
Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
32
Define Boyle's Law
Inverse relationship between volume and pressure
33
Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is __ than the air pressure in the atmosphere.
Less
34
Air moves out of the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is __ than the air pressure in the atmosphere.
Greater
35
Why is there no movement of air in or out of the lungs when you stop breathing?
The pressure of the air in the lungs is the same as the atmospheric pressure
36
What provides the driving force for air movement in and out of the lungs?
Differences in pressure
37
Air flows down a pressure gradient, from a space of ___ pressure to a space of ___ pressure.
Higher, lower
38
Name the order of events during inspiration
1. Inspiratory muscles contract; diaphragm descends and rib cage rises
2. Thoracic cavity volume increases
3. Lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops to -1mm Hg
5. Air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
39
Name the order of events during expiration
1. Inspiratory muscles relax; diaphragm rises due to recoil of costal cartilages
2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
3. Lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary pressure decreases
4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises to +1mm Hg
5. Air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
40
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Maximum volume above the tidal volume, that we can inspire into our lungs
41
Tidal volume (VT)
This is the volume we inspire and expire during restful breathing.
42
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
This is the maximum volume below the tidal volume, that we can expire from our lungs
43
Residual volume (RV)
This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a full expiration
44
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
This is all the air breathed in during a maximal inspiration at the end of a normal expiration
Calculated by IRV + VT
45
Expiratory capacity (EC)
All the air breathed out in a maximal expiration after a normal inspiration
Calculated by VT + ERV.
46
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
Calculated by ERV + RV [+]
47
Vital capacity (VC)
All the air that can be expired from a maximal inspiration
| Calculated by IRV + VT + ERV.
48
Total lung capacity (TLC)
This is all the air that it is possible for the lungs to contain
Calculated by IRV + VT + ERV + RV.
49
A 19-year-old male student has a vital capacity of 5 L, tidal volume of 0.5 L, inspiratory capacity of 3.5 L, and functional residual capacity of 2.5 L. What is his expiratory reserve volume?
1.5 L (VC - IC)
50
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
The maximum volume of air a person can forcible expire after maximal inspiration
51
Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
The volume of air exhaled in the first second during forced exhalation after maximal inspiration
52
Obstructive lung disease
- Lung volume is unaffected
| - Individuals have narrowed airways
53
Restrictive lung disease
- Lung volume is reduced
| - Individuals have a decreased lung compliance
54
During an asthma attack, Mila finds it more difficult to expire than to inspire. Why might explain this phenomenon?
There is a significant increase in resistance to airflow because the airways are inflamed and the smooth muscle in the bronchi contracts. Therefore, expiration takes longer than normal.
55
What does a low FEV1/FVC ratio indicate?
Obstructive lung disease
56
What is the difference between a lung volume and a lung capacity?
Lung volume - amount of air for one function
Lung capacity - any two or more volumes
57
Function of outer fibrous pericardium
Prevents overstretching, provides protection and anchors the heart in place
58
Function of inner serous pericardium
Forms a double layer around the heart
59
Name the two parts of the pericardium
Outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium
60
Name the three layers of the pericardium
Outer fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and visceral pericardium
61
Function of outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Fused to the fibrous pericardium
62
Function of the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Adheres tightly to the surface of the heart
63
Function of pericardial fluid
Reduces friction between the membranes as the heart beats.
64
Function of left atrium
Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
65
Function of left ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation via the aorta
66
Function of right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation via the superior and inferior vena cava
67
Function of superior vena cava
Returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the upper body
68
Function of inferior vena cava
Returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the lower body
69
Function of pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
70
Function of pulmonary vein
Delivers oxygenated blood from the lung to the left atrium
71
Function of aorta
Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body
72
Function of aortic valve
Prevents back flow of blood into the left ventricle in SYSTOLE
73
Function of pulmonary valve
Prevent back flow of blood back into the Right Ventricle in DIASTOLE
74
Function of tricuspid valve (TRI before you BI)
Prevents back flow of blood into the right atrium
75
Function of bicuspid valve
Prevents back flow of blood into left atrium
76
Function of chordae tendineae
Prevents the valve cusps from pushing into the atria when ventricles contract
77
Function of papillary muscles
Pull on the chordae tendineae and help to open the cusps when the ventricles are relaxing and filling with blood
78
What are the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary and aortic valves
79
Function of sinoatrial node
Initiates action potential
80
Function of atrioventricular node
Slows down action potential
81
Function of atrioventricular bundle
Conducts nerve impulse to the left and right bundle branches
82
Function of left and right bundle branches
Conducts nerve impulse to the purkinje fibres
83
Function of purkinje fibres
Conducts nerve impulse to the ventricles, causing them to contract
84
What does the P wave in an ECG represent?
Atrial depolarisation which is the signal for atrial contraction and for blood to move from the atria to the ventricles (atrial systole)
85
What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?
Ventricular depolarisation, signal for the ventricles to contract which causes blood to move into the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta (ventricular systole)
86
What does the T wave in an ECG represent?
Ventricular repolarisation, and is the signal for the ventricles to relax (ventricular diastole)
87
Looking at an ECG trace, the first heart sound (lub) would be heard when?
Just after the onset of the QRS complex
88
A stronger contraction of the heart muscle will lead to?
A larger stroke volume
89
Function of seminiferous tubules
Produce sperm
90
Function of epididymis
Store and mature sperm
91
Function of scrotum
Houses the testes
92
Function of ductus deferens
Transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation
93
Ejaculatory duct
Carries sperm into the urethra
94
Function of prostate
Provide a substrate for energy production
95
Bulbourethral gland function
- Lubricate the spongy urethra for the passage of the ejaculate
- Neutralise acidic urine in the urethra
96
Urethra function
Passageway for the ejactulation of semen and excretion of urine
97
Corpus spongiosum function
Holds the urethra
98
Corpus cavernosum function
Forms most of the penis and contains blood vessels that fill with blood to help make an erection
99
Ovaries function
Produces oocytes and hormones
100
Uterine tubes function
Transport the oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus
101
Fimbrae function
Sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube
102
Uterus function
Implantation and nourishment of the fertilized ovum
103
Uterus function
Implantation and nourishment of the fertilised ovum
104
Cervix function
Acts as a passageway where sperm can travel to reach eggs and potentially lead to fertilisation
105
Vagina function
Provides a passageway for childbirth
106
Labia majora function
Cover and protect the structures of the vulva
107
What hormone is present in an ovulation test?
Luteinising hormone
108
What hormone is detected in the urine in a pregnancy test?
Chorionic gonadotropin
109
Clitoris function
Plays a role in female sexual pleasure
110
Function of Leydig cells
Produce testosterone
111
True or false: A diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent cell
True
112
What happens in the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?
Declining levels of oestrogen and progesterone result in the uterus shedding the endometrium and expelling it through the cervix and out the vagina.
113
What happens in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
New blood vessels and glands are formed and the endometrium thickens as a result of an increase in oestrogen.
114
What happens in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Blood supply to the endometrium increases and the endometrium is packed with nutrients to nourish a fertilised egg as a result of an increase in progesterone.
115
What happens in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? ~14 days
Oestrogen falls slightly before luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone rise, resulting in the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.
116
What happens during ovulation? ~1 day
A large surge in LH and a smaller surge of FSH causes the growing follicle to push through the wall of the ovary, and release its egg into the abdominal cavity.
117
What happens during the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle? ~14 days
The follicle ruptures and forms the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and oestrogen to assist in the development of the endometrium in case of implantation.
118
True or false: haploid cells, cells that contains a single set of chromosomes.
True
119
Sertoli cells function
Nourish developing sperm.
120
What are the anterior pituitary hormones that are important for spermatogenesis?
Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
121
What happens if too many sperm are being produced?
Inhibin acts as negative feedback to the anterior pituitary gland reducing the secretion of FSH.
