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LAB EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the upper respiratory system include?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

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2
Q

What does the lower respiratory system include?

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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3
Q

What does the conducting zone consist of?

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone?

A

Filter, warm, and moisten the air and conduct it into the lungs

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5
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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6
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Main sites of gas exchange between air and blood

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7
Q

Name the function of the nasal cavity

A

Warms and filters air

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8
Q

Name the function of the thyroid cartilage

A

Protects the vocal cords

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9
Q

Name the function of the lungs

A

Gas exchange

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10
Q

Name the function of the trachea

A

Transports air to the lung

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11
Q

Name the function of the tracheal cartilages

A

Supports the trachea

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12
Q

Name the function of the main bronchus (primary)

A

Passageway for air into the lungs

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13
Q

Name the function of the secondary (lobar) bronchus

A

Passageway for air into the lungs

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14
Q

Name the function of the tertiary (segmental) bronchus

A

Passageway for air into the lungs

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15
Q

Name the function of the terminal bronchiole

A

Conduct air into the lungs

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16
Q

Name the function of the respiratory bronchiole

A

Conduct air into the lungs

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17
Q

Function of the larynx

A

Manipulates pitch and volume

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18
Q

Describe the shape of the cartilage in the trachea. Why is this shape important?

A

C shape is important for the ability to swallow food

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19
Q

Function of the parietal pleura

A

Lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

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20
Q

Function of the visceral pleura

A

Covers the lungs

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21
Q

Function of the pleural fluid

A

Reduces friction between the membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing and allows surface tension

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22
Q

Function of alveoli

A

Gas exchange

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23
Q

Function of alveolar ducts

A

Gas exchange

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24
Q

Function of type I alveolar cells

A

Form the lining of the alveolar wall and are the main sites of gas exchange

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25
Q

Function of type II alveolar cells

A

Secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist

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26
Q

Function of surfactant

A

Lowers the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

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27
Q

Does contraction of the external intercostals and diaphragm facilitate inspiration or expiration?

A

Inspiration

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28
Q

Does contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominals facilitate inspiration or expiration?

A

Expiration

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29
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A
  • The inhalation and exhalation of air

- The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs

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30
Q

Define external respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane

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31
Q

Define internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells

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32
Q

Define Boyle’s Law

A

Inverse relationship between volume and pressure

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33
Q

Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is __ than the air pressure in the atmosphere.

A

Less

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34
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is __ than the air pressure in the atmosphere.

A

Greater

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35
Q

Why is there no movement of air in or out of the lungs when you stop breathing?

A

The pressure of the air in the lungs is the same as the atmospheric pressure

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36
Q

What provides the driving force for air movement in and out of the lungs?

A

Differences in pressure

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37
Q

Air flows down a pressure gradient, from a space of ___ pressure to a space of ___ pressure.

A

Higher, lower

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38
Q

Name the order of events during inspiration

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract; diaphragm descends and rib cage rises
  2. Thoracic cavity volume increases
  3. Lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops to -1mm Hg
  5. Air flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
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39
Q

Name the order of events during expiration

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles relax; diaphragm rises due to recoil of costal cartilages
  2. Thoracic cavity volume decreases
  3. Lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary pressure decreases
  4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises to +1mm Hg
  5. Air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)
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40
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Maximum volume above the tidal volume, that we can inspire into our lungs

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41
Q

Tidal volume (VT)

A

This is the volume we inspire and expire during restful breathing.

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42
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

This is the maximum volume below the tidal volume, that we can expire from our lungs

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43
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A

This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a full expiration

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44
Q

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

This is all the air breathed in during a maximal inspiration at the end of a normal expiration
Calculated by IRV + VT

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45
Q

Expiratory capacity (EC)

A

All the air breathed out in a maximal expiration after a normal inspiration
Calculated by VT + ERV.

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46
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
Calculated by ERV + RV [+]

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47
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

All the air that can be expired from a maximal inspiration

Calculated by IRV + VT + ERV.

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48
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

This is all the air that it is possible for the lungs to contain
Calculated by IRV + VT + ERV + RV.

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49
Q

A 19-year-old male student has a vital capacity of 5 L, tidal volume of 0.5 L, inspiratory capacity of 3.5 L, and functional residual capacity of 2.5 L. What is his expiratory reserve volume?

A

1.5 L (VC - IC)

50
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

The maximum volume of air a person can forcible expire after maximal inspiration

51
Q

Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)

A

The volume of air exhaled in the first second during forced exhalation after maximal inspiration

52
Q

Obstructive lung disease

A
  • Lung volume is unaffected

- Individuals have narrowed airways

53
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A
  • Lung volume is reduced

- Individuals have a decreased lung compliance

54
Q

During an asthma attack, Mila finds it more difficult to expire than to inspire. Why might explain this phenomenon?

A

There is a significant increase in resistance to airflow because the airways are inflamed and the smooth muscle in the bronchi contracts. Therefore, expiration takes longer than normal.

55
Q

What does a low FEV1/FVC ratio indicate?

A

Obstructive lung disease

56
Q

What is the difference between a lung volume and a lung capacity?

A

Lung volume - amount of air for one function

Lung capacity - any two or more volumes

57
Q

Function of outer fibrous pericardium

A

Prevents overstretching, provides protection and anchors the heart in place

58
Q

Function of inner serous pericardium

A

Forms a double layer around the heart

59
Q

Name the two parts of the pericardium

A

Outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium

60
Q

Name the three layers of the pericardium

A

Outer fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, and visceral pericardium

61
Q

Function of outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium

A

Fused to the fibrous pericardium

62
Q

Function of the inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

Adheres tightly to the surface of the heart

63
Q

Function of pericardial fluid

A

Reduces friction between the membranes as the heart beats.

64
Q

Function of left atrium

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

65
Q

Function of left ventricle

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation via the aorta

66
Q

Function of right atrium

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation via the superior and inferior vena cava

67
Q

Function of superior vena cava

A

Returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the upper body

68
Q

Function of inferior vena cava

A

Returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium from the lower body

69
Q

Function of pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

70
Q

Function of pulmonary vein

A

Delivers oxygenated blood from the lung to the left atrium

71
Q

Function of aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

72
Q

Function of aortic valve

A

Prevents back flow of blood into the left ventricle in SYSTOLE

73
Q

Function of pulmonary valve

A

Prevent back flow of blood back into the Right Ventricle in DIASTOLE

74
Q

Function of tricuspid valve (TRI before you BI)

A

Prevents back flow of blood into the right atrium

75
Q

Function of bicuspid valve

A

Prevents back flow of blood into left atrium

76
Q

Function of chordae tendineae

A

Prevents the valve cusps from pushing into the atria when ventricles contract

77
Q

Function of papillary muscles

A

Pull on the chordae tendineae and help to open the cusps when the ventricles are relaxing and filling with blood

78
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valves

79
Q

Function of sinoatrial node

A

Initiates action potential

80
Q

Function of atrioventricular node

A

Slows down action potential

81
Q

Function of atrioventricular bundle

A

Conducts nerve impulse to the left and right bundle branches

82
Q

Function of left and right bundle branches

A

Conducts nerve impulse to the purkinje fibres

83
Q

Function of purkinje fibres

A

Conducts nerve impulse to the ventricles, causing them to contract

84
Q

What does the P wave in an ECG represent?

A

Atrial depolarisation which is the signal for atrial contraction and for blood to move from the atria to the ventricles (atrial systole)

85
Q

What does the QRS complex in an ECG represent?

A

Ventricular depolarisation, signal for the ventricles to contract which causes blood to move into the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta (ventricular systole)

86
Q

What does the T wave in an ECG represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation, and is the signal for the ventricles to relax (ventricular diastole)

87
Q

Looking at an ECG trace, the first heart sound (lub) would be heard when?

A

Just after the onset of the QRS complex

88
Q

A stronger contraction of the heart muscle will lead to?

A

A larger stroke volume

89
Q

Function of seminiferous tubules

A

Produce sperm

90
Q

Function of epididymis

A

Store and mature sperm

91
Q

Function of scrotum

A

Houses the testes

92
Q

Function of ductus deferens

A

Transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation

93
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Carries sperm into the urethra

94
Q

Function of prostate

A

Provide a substrate for energy production

95
Q

Bulbourethral gland function

A
  • Lubricate the spongy urethra for the passage of the ejaculate
  • Neutralise acidic urine in the urethra
96
Q

Urethra function

A

Passageway for the ejactulation of semen and excretion of urine

97
Q

Corpus spongiosum function

A

Holds the urethra

98
Q

Corpus cavernosum function

A

Forms most of the penis and contains blood vessels that fill with blood to help make an erection

99
Q

Ovaries function

A

Produces oocytes and hormones

100
Q

Uterine tubes function

A

Transport the oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus

101
Q

Fimbrae function

A

Sweep the oocyte into the uterine tube

102
Q

Uterus function

A

Implantation and nourishment of the fertilized ovum

103
Q

Uterus function

A

Implantation and nourishment of the fertilised ovum

104
Q

Cervix function

A

Acts as a passageway where sperm can travel to reach eggs and potentially lead to fertilisation

105
Q

Vagina function

A

Provides a passageway for childbirth

106
Q

Labia majora function

A

Cover and protect the structures of the vulva

107
Q

What hormone is present in an ovulation test?

A

Luteinising hormone

108
Q

What hormone is detected in the urine in a pregnancy test?

A

Chorionic gonadotropin

109
Q

Clitoris function

A

Plays a role in female sexual pleasure

110
Q

Function of Leydig cells

A

Produce testosterone

111
Q

True or false: A diploid cell contains two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent cell

A

True

112
Q

What happens in the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Declining levels of oestrogen and progesterone result in the uterus shedding the endometrium and expelling it through the cervix and out the vagina.

113
Q

What happens in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

New blood vessels and glands are formed and the endometrium thickens as a result of an increase in oestrogen.

114
Q

What happens in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Blood supply to the endometrium increases and the endometrium is packed with nutrients to nourish a fertilised egg as a result of an increase in progesterone.

115
Q

What happens in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? ~14 days

A

Oestrogen falls slightly before luteinising hormone and follicle stimulating hormone rise, resulting in the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles.

116
Q

What happens during ovulation? ~1 day

A

A large surge in LH and a smaller surge of FSH causes the growing follicle to push through the wall of the ovary, and release its egg into the abdominal cavity.

117
Q

What happens during the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle? ~14 days

A

The follicle ruptures and forms the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and oestrogen to assist in the development of the endometrium in case of implantation.

118
Q

True or false: haploid cells, cells that contains a single set of chromosomes.

A

True

119
Q

Sertoli cells function

A

Nourish developing sperm.

120
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones that are important for spermatogenesis?

A

Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

121
Q

What happens if too many sperm are being produced?

A

Inhibin acts as negative feedback to the anterior pituitary gland reducing the secretion of FSH.

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